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Anne of Great Britain (1665-1714)

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Anne Stuart, Queen regnant of Great Britain, was born 6 February 1665 in St James's Palace, London, England, United Kingdom to James II of England (1633-1701) and Anne Hyde (1637-1671) and died 12 August 1714 Kensington Palace, London, England, United Kingdom of unspecified causes. She married George of Denmark (1658-1708) 28 July 1683 in London, England, United Kingdom.

Biography

Willem Wissing and Jan van der Vaardt - Queen Anne, when Princess of Denmark, 1665 – 1714 - Google Art Project

Anne, c. 1684, painted by Willem Wissing and Jan van der Vaardt

Anne was the queen of Great Britain and Ireland from 1702 until her death in 1714. She was born on February 6, 1665, at St. James's Palace in London. Anne was the younger daughter of James, Duke of York, who later became King James II, and his first wife, Anne Hyde. Last monarch of the House of Stuart.

Anne was a sickly child, suffering from various ailments throughout her life, including gout, which would eventually contribute to her death. She was also shy and introverted, which made her an unpopular figure in court. Nevertheless, she was educated by tutors and became well-versed in languages, music, and literature.

Anne married Prince George of Denmark in 1683, and they had several children, but none survived past childhood. This led to Anne's sister, Mary, becoming the heir to the throne. However, when Mary died childless in 1694, Anne became the next in line to the throne.

Anne ascended to the throne in 1702, following the death of William III. Her reign was marked by the War of the Spanish Succession, which was fought between England, France, and other European powers. Anne was a popular monarch, known for her piety and charitable works, but her health declined rapidly towards the end of her reign.

Anne died on August 1, 1714, and was succeeded by George I, the first monarch of the House of Hanover. Despite her unpopularity during her lifetime, Anne is now remembered as a competent monarch who oversaw a period of stability and prosperity in Great Britain.

Marriage

King Charles looked elsewhere for an eligible prince who would be welcomed as a groom by his Protestant subjects but also acceptable to his Catholic ally, Louis XIV of France.[1] The Danes were Protestant allies of the French, and Louis XIV was keen on an Anglo-Danish alliance to contain the power of the Dutch. A marriage treaty between Anne and Prince George of Denmark, younger brother of King Christian V, and Anne's second cousin once removed, was negotiated by Anne's uncle Laurence Hyde, who had been made Earl of Rochester, and the English Secretary of State for the Northern Department, Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland.[2] Anne's father consented to the marriage eagerly because it diminished the influence of his other son-in-law, William of Orange, who was naturally unhappy at the match.[3]

Bishop Compton officiated at the wedding of Anne and George of Denmark on 28 July 1683 in the Chapel Royal at St James's Palace.[4] Although it was an arranged marriage, they were faithful and devoted partners.[5] They were given a set of buildings, known as the Cockpit, in the Palace of Whitehall as their London residence,[6] and Sarah Churchill was appointed one of Anne's ladies of the bedchamber.[7] Within months of the marriage, Anne was pregnant, but the baby was stillborn in May. Anne recovered at the spa town of Tunbridge Wells,[8] and over the next two years, gave birth to two daughters in quick succession: Mary and Anne Sophia.[9]


Pregnancies and issue

Anne had seventeen pregnancies, of which five were live births. None of her children survived to adulthood.

Child Birth Death Burial Notes
Stillborn daughter 12 May 1684
London[10]		 13 May 1684
Westminster Abbey[11]
Mary 2 June 1685
Palace of Whitehall		 8 February 1687
Windsor Castle[9]		 10 February 1687 Westminster Abbey[12][13] Christened 2 June 1685 by the Bishop of London;[14] styled "the Lady Mary".[13] Died of smallpox. Mary, Anne Sophia (Mary's younger sister), and their father all becoming ill at Windsor Castle in early 1687.[15]
Anne Sophia 12 May 1686
Windsor Castle		 2 February 1687
Windsor Castle[9] or Whitehall[16]		 4 February 1687 Westminster Abbey[13][17] Christened by the Bishop of Durham, with Lady Churchill one of the godmothers;[14] styled "the Lady Anne Sophia".[13]
Miscarriage 21 January 1687[18]
Stillborn son 22 October 1687
Whitehall[19]		 22 October 1687 Westminster Abbey[20] Anne gave birth at seven months, but the baby "lay dead a full month within her".[19]
Miscarriage 16 April 1688[21]
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester 24 July 1689
Hampton Court Palace		 30 July 1700
Windsor Castle[22]		 9 August 1700 Westminster Abbey[23] Died of unclear causes at age 11.[24]
Mary 14 October 1690
St James's Palace		 14 October 1690 Westminster Abbey[25] She was two months premature,[26] and lived about two hours.[27]
George 17 April 1692
Syon House		 18 April 1692 Westminster Abbey[28] He lived only for a few minutes,[29] just long enough to be baptised;[30] styled "Lord George".[28]
Stillborn daughter 23 March 1693
Berkeley House[31]		 24 March 1693 Westminster Abbey[32]
Miscarriage 21 January 1694 Modern historians Edward Gregg and Alison Weir do not agree on whether it was a son[33] or possibly a daughter.[34] Contemporary chronicler Narcissus Luttrell wrote only that Anne "miscarried of a dead child".[35]
Miscarried daughter[36] 17[37] or 18[38] February 1696
Miscarriage 20 September 1696[38] Luttrell said Anne "miscarried of a son".[39] Dr Nathaniel Johnson told Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon, in a letter dated 24 October 1696, "Her Royal Highness miscarried of two children, the one of seven months' growth, the other of two or three months, as her physicians and midwife judged: one was born the day after the other."[40] If so, the smaller foetus was probably a blighted twin or fetus papyraceus.[41][42]
Miscarriage 25 March 1697[43]
Miscarriage early December 1697[44] According to Saunière de L'Hermitage, the Dutch resident in London, Anne miscarried twins who were "too early to determine their sex".[45] Other sources say the pregnancy ended in a stillborn son,[34] or "two male children, at least as far as could be recognised".[46]
Stillborn son 15 September 1698
Windsor Castle[47]		 St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle[34] James Vernon wrote to Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, that Anne's physician thought the foetus "might have been dead 8 or 10 days".[45]
Stillborn son 24 January 1700
St James's[48]		 Westminster Abbey[34] Contemporary sources say Anne gave birth at seven and a half months, after the foetus had been dead for a month.[49]



Children


Offspring of George of Denmark (1658-1708) and Anne Stuart
Name Birth Death Joined with
(stillborn daughter) (1684-1684)
Mary (1685-1687)
Anne Sophia (1686-1687)
(stillborn) (1687-1687)
(stillborn son) (1687-1687)
(stillborn child) (1688-1688)
William, Duke of Gloucester (1689-1700)
Mary (1690-1690)
George (1692-1692)
(stillborn daughter) (1693-1693)
(stillborn Child) (1694-1694)
(stillborn daughter) (1696-1696)
(stillborn child) (1696-1696)
(stillborn daughter) (1697-1697)



Siblings


Offspring of James II of England (1633-1701) and Anne Hyde (1637-1671)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660-1661) 22 October 1660 Worcester House, Strand, Greater London, England, United Kingdom 5 May 1661 Whitehall Palace, Whitehall, Greater London, England, United Kingdom
Mary Stuart (1662-1694) 30 April 1662 St. James's Palace, London, England, United Kingdom 28 December 1694 Kensington Palace, London, England, United Kingdom Willem III van Oranje (1650-1702)
James Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1663-1667)
Anne of Great Britain (1665-1714) 6 February 1665 St James's Palace, London, England, United Kingdom 12 August 1714 Kensington Palace, London, England, United Kingdom George of Denmark (1658-1708)
Charles Stuart, Duke of Kendal (1666-1667)
Edgar Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1667-1671)
Henrietta Stuart (1669-1669)
Catherine Stuart (1671-1671)


Offspring of James II of England (1633-1701) and Maria Beatrice d'Este (1658-1718)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Catherine Laura Stuart (1675-1676)
Isabel Stuart (1676-1681)
Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1677-1677)
Elizabeth Stuart (1678-c1678)
Charlotte Maria Stuart (1682-1682)
James Francis Edward Stuart (1688-1766) 10 June 1688 St. James's Palace, London, England, United Kingdom 1 January 1766 Palazzo Muti, Rome, Italy Maria Clementina Sobieska (1702-1735)
Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart (1692-1712)


Offspring of James II of England (1633-1701) and Arabella Churchill (1648-1730)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Henrietta FitzJames (1667-1730) 1667 St. James's Square, Westminster, England, United Kingdom 3 April 1730 Henry Waldegrave, 1st Baron Waldegrave (1661-1690)
Piers Butler, Earl of Newcastle (1652-1740)
James FitzJames, Duke of Berwick (1670-1734)
Henry FitzJames, Duke of Albemarle (1673-1702) 6 August 1673 6 December 1702 Bagnols-sur-Cèze Marie Gabrielle d'Audibert de Lussan (1675-1741)
Arabella FitzJames (1674-1704)


Offspring of James II of England (1633-1701) and Catherine Sedley, Countess of Dorchester (1657-1717)
Name Birth Death Joined with
Catherine Darnley (c1681-1743) 1681 13 March 1743 James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey (c1674-1702)
John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby (1648-1721)


See Also

  • Anne Stuart - disambiguation
  • Stuart Family
  • Stuart in England -
  • Stuart in Scotland -
  • Stuart in Ireland -

Bibliography

External Links

Ancestry Trees

Contemporary References

Some of the best contemporary references for Anne of Great Britain include:

  1. "Memoirs of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough" - Sarah Churchill was a close friend and adviser to Queen Anne, and her memoirs offer a detailed account of her relationship with the queen and her experiences at court. The memoirs were written in the early 18th century and provide a valuable source of information about the queen's reign.
  2. "The Life and Reign of Queen Anne" by John Banks - This biography was written by John Banks, a contemporary historian and friend of Queen Anne, and was published in 1738, a few years after the queen's death. The book offers a detailed account of Anne's life, including her upbringing, her marriage, and her reign as queen.
  3. "The Secret History of the Reigns of K. Charles II and K. James II" by Gilbert Burnet - Burnet was a contemporary historian who was also a bishop in the Church of England. His book provides a valuable source of information about the political and religious context of Queen Anne's reign and her relationship with her father, James II.
  4. "A Letter to a Friend, Concerning the French Invasion in the Reign of King James II" by Daniel Defoe - Defoe was a writer and journalist who lived during Queen Anne's reign. His book provides a valuable source of information about the political and military events of the period, including the Glorious Revolution and the War of the Spanish Succession.
  5. "The London Gazette" - This official newspaper was published during Queen Anne's reign and provides a valuable source of information about the political, military, and social events of the period. The newspaper is available online and can be accessed through various historical archives.

Original Citations

The London Gazette: 1702 Coronation

Source: "The London Gazette", No. 3634 (April 23-26, 1702), p. 1. with full description of Queen Anne's coronation:

"On Monday last, being the 23d of this instant April, was celebrated the Coronation of our most gracious Queen Anne. Her Majesty, at Nine o'Clock in the Morning, went in great Pomp and Solemnity from St. James's to Westminster Abbey, attended by many of the Nobility and Gentry, both on Horseback and in Coaches. The Streets were adorn'd with Hangings, and the Windows fill'd with Spectators, who express'd their Joy and Satisfaction by loud Acclamations. Her Majesty was received at the West-Door of the Abbey by the Dean and Prebendaries, and other Persons of Quality, who attended there to receive her; and she was conducted with great Ceremony to the Chair of State, which was plac'd under a rich Canopy, on the South Side of the Altar. The Archbishop of Canterbury perform'd the solemn Rites of the Coronation, assisted by the Bishops of London, Winchester, and Rochester. The Queen was anointed with Holy Oil, and Crown'd with the Crown of State, and also with that of King Edward the Confessor; and after the Coronation, she receiv'd the Holy Sacrament from the hands of the Archbishop. After which, the Queen was attended back to St. James's, in the same Order and State as she came to the Abbey."

Titles and styles

  • 6 February 1665 – 28 July 1683: Her Highness The Lady Anne[50]
  • 28 July 1683 – 8 March 1702: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne of Denmark[51]
  • 8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714: Her Majesty The Queen

The official style of Anne before 1707 was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc." After the union, her style was "Anne, by the Grace of God, Queen of Great Britain, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."[52] In line with other monarchs of England between 1340 and 1800, Anne was styled "Queen of France", but did not actually reign in France.[53]

Royal Success Charts

Anne
Born: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Regnal titles
Preceded by
William III & II 		Queen of England and Scotland
1702–1707 		Acts of Union 1707
Queen of Ireland
1702–1714 		Succeeded by
George I
Acts of Union 1707 Queen of Great Britain
1707–1714
Political offices
Preceded by
Prince George of Denmark 		Lord High Admiral
1708 		Succeeded by
The Earl of Pembroke



Footnotes (including sources)

Thurstan, Phlox, Rtol, MainTour

Authority control
  1. ^ Somerset, p. 40
  2. ^ Gregg, p. 32
  3. ^ Gregg, p. 33; Somerset, pp. 41–42
  4. ^ Gregg, pp. 33–34; Somerset, p. 43
  5. ^ Curtis, pp. 41–42; Green, pp. 34–35; Gregg, pp. 32–35; Somerset, p. 44
  6. ^ Curtis, p. 42; Green, p. 34; Gregg, p. 35; Somerset, pp. 41, 44
  7. ^ Curtis, p. 43; Green, p. 36; Gregg, p. 34; Somerset, p. 49
  8. ^ Gregg, p. 36; Somerset, p. 56
  9. ^ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named weir268
  10. ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 36; Somerset, p. 56; Weir, p. 268
  11. ^ Chester, p. 209
  12. ^

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    , 10–14 February 1686.
  13. ^ a b c d Chester, p. 217
  14. ^ a b Ward, pp. 441–474
  15. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named smallpox
  16. ^ Gregg, pp. 46–47
  17. ^

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    , 3–7 February 1686.
  18. ^ Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series: James II (1964). London: HMSO, vol. II, p. 347; Gregg, p. 46; Somerset, p. 71; Weir, p. 268
  19. ^ a b Gregg, p. 52
  20. ^ Chester, p. 219; Weir, p. 268
  21. ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 55; Somerset, p. 86; Weir, p. 268
  22. ^ Green, pp. 54, 335; Gregg, pp. 72, 120; Weir, p. 268
  23. ^ Chester, pp. 246–247
  24. ^ Waller, Maureen (2002). Ungrateful daughters : the Stuart princesses who stole their father's crown. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 352. ISBN 0-340-79461-5. 
  25. ^ Chester, p. 226
  26. ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 80
  27. ^ Luttrell, vol. II, p. 116; Weir, p. 268
  28. ^ a b Chester, p. 230
  29. ^ Green, pp. 62, 335; Luttrell, vol. II, p. 424; Weir, p. 268
  30. ^ Gregg, p. 90
  31. ^ Weir, p. 268; see also Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 99; Luttrell, vol. III, p. 62
  32. ^ Chester, p. 231
  33. ^ Gregg, p. 100
  34. ^ a b c d Weir, p. 269
  35. ^ Luttrell, vol. III, p. 258
  36. ^ Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 20
  37. ^ Gregg, p. 107
  38. ^ a b Green, p. 335
  39. ^ Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 114; Gregg, p. 108
  40. ^ Bickley, Francis (ed.) (1930). Historical Manuscripts Commission: The Hastings Manuscripts. London: HMSO, vol. II, p. 286
  41. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named emson
  42. ^ Somerset, p. 152
  43. ^ Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 108; Somerset, p. 153
  44. ^ Green, p. 335; Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 316
  45. ^ a b Gregg, p. 116
  46. ^ Somerset, p. 156
  47. ^ Green, p. 335; Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 428; Weir, p. 269
  48. ^ Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 607
  49. ^ Gregg, p. 120
  50. ^

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    , 31 January 1675.

    You must specify issue= and startpage= when using {{London Gazette}}. Available parameters: Template:London Gazette/doc/parameterlist

    , 30 October 1676.
  51. ^

    You must specify issue= and startpage= when using {{London Gazette}}. Available parameters: Template:London Gazette/doc/parameterlist

    , 5 July 1688.

    You must specify issue= and startpage= when using {{London Gazette}}. Available parameters: Template:London Gazette/doc/parameterlist

    , 19 July 1688.
  52. ^ Wallis, John Eyre Winstanley (1921). English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc. London: Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge. pp. 62–63. https://archive.org/stream/englishregalyear00wall#page/62/mode/2up. 
  53. ^ Weir, p. 286
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