Familypedia
Advertisement
Main Births etc
Cincinnati, Ohio
Losantiville (until 1790)
—  City  —
City of Cincinnati
Cincinnati Skyline from Devou Park
Downtown Cincinnati from Devou Park, seen from across the Ohio River in Covington, Kentucky.
Flag of Cincinnati, Ohio
Flag
Seal of the City of Cincinnati (Ohio)
Seal
Nickname(s): The Queen City, Cincy, The Fountain City
Motto: Juncta Juvant (Lat. Strength in Unity)
Hamilton County Ohio Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Cincinnati highlighted
Location in Hamilton County and the state of Ohio.



Cincinnati is located in the USA
Red pog
Cincinnati
Location in the United States of America
Coordinates: 39°6′N 84°31′W / 39.1, -84.517Coordinates: 39°6′N 84°31′W / 39.1, -84.517
Country United States
State Ohio
County Hamilton
Settled 1788
Incorporated 1802 as village / 1819 as city
Government
 • Type Mayor–council government
 • Mayor John Cranley (D)
Area[1]
 • City 79.54 sq mi (206.01 km2)
 • Land 77.94 sq mi (201.86 km2)
 • Water 1.60 sq mi (4.14 km2)
Elevation 482 ft (147 m)
Population (2010)[2]
 • City 296,943
 • Estimate (2015)[3] 298,550
 • Rank US: 65th
 • Density 3,809.9/sq mi (1,471.0/km2)
 • Urban 1,624,827 (US: 30th)
 • Metro 2,137,406 (US: 28th)
 • Demonym Cincinnatian
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes
Area code 513
FIPS code 39-15000[5]
GNIS feature ID 1066650[6]
Website cincinnati-oh.gov

Cincinnati ( /sɪnsɪˈnæti/ sin-si-NAT-ee) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio that serves as county seat of Hamilton County.[7] Settled in 1788, the city is located on the north side of the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio River. The latter forms the border between the states of Ohio and Kentucky.[8] Cincinnati is the third-largest city in Ohio and the 65th-largest city in the United States with a population of 298,165 people (2014), making it the 28th-largest Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the United States and the largest centered in Ohio. The city is also part of the larger Cincinnati–Middletown–Wilmington Combined Statistical Area (CSA), which had a population of 2,172,191 in the 2010 census.[9]

In the early 19th century, Cincinnati was an American boomtown in the heart of the country; it rivaled the larger coastal cities in size and wealth. Throughout much of the 19th century, it was listed among the top 10 U.S. cities by population, surpassed only by New Orleans and the older, established settlements of the Eastern Seaboard; at one point holding the position of sixth-largest city for a period spanning consecutive census reports from 1840 until 1860. It was by far the largest city in the west. Because it is the first major American city founded after the American Revolution as well as the first major inland city in the country, Cincinnati is sometimes thought of as the first purely "American" city.[10]

Cincinnati developed with less European immigration or influence than eastern cities attracted in the same period; however, it received a significant number of German immigrants, who founded many of the city's cultural institutions. By the end of the 19th century, with the shift from steamboats to railroads drawing off freight shipping, trade patterns had altered and Cincinnati's growth slowed considerably. The city was surpassed in population by other inland cities, particularly Chicago, which developed based on commodity exploitation and the railroads, and St. Louis, for decades after the Civil War the gateway to westward migration.

Cincinnati is home to two major sports teams, the Cincinnati Reds, the oldest franchise in Major League Baseball, and the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League. The University of Cincinnati, founded in 1819, is one of the 50 largest in the United States.[11] Cincinnati is known for its historic architecture. In the late 1800s, Cincinnati was commonly referred to as "Paris of America", due mainly to such ambitious architectural projects as the Music Hall, Cincinnatian Hotel, and Shillito Department Store.[12]

History[]

Cincinnati I

Cincinnati in 1812 with a population of 2,000[13]

Cincinnati was founded by European Americans in 1788 when Mathias Denman, Colonel Robert Patterson and Israel Ludlow landed at the spot on the north bank of the Ohio River opposite the mouth of the Licking River and decided to settle there. The original surveyor, John Filson, named it "Losantiville".[14] In 1790, Arthur St. Clair, the governor of the Northwest Territory, changed the name of the settlement to "Cincinnati" in honor of the Society of the Cincinnati, made up of Revolutionary War veterans, of which he was a member.[15]

Ethnic Germans were among the early settlers, migrating from Pennsylvania and the backcountry of Virginia and Tennessee. General David Ziegler succeeded General St. Clair in command at Fort Washington. After the conclusion of the Northwest Indian Wars and removal of Native Americans to the west, he was elected as the mayor of Cincinnati in 1802.[16]

The introduction of steamboats on the Ohio River in 1811 opened up its trade to more rapid shipping, and the city established commercial ties with St. Louis, Missouri and especially New Orleans downriver. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city in 1819. Exporting pork products and hay, it became a center of pork processing in the region. From 1810 to 1830 its population nearly tripled, from 9,642 to 24,831.[17] Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1827 to Middletown, Ohio further stimulated businesses, and employers struggled to hire enough people to fill positions. The city had a labor shortage until large waves of immigration by Irish and Germans in the late 1840s. The city grew rapidly over the next two decades, reaching 115,000 persons by 1850.[15]

Cincinnati-in-1841

Cincinnati in 1841 with the Miami and Erie Canal in the foreground.

Construction on the Miami and Erie Canal began on July 21, 1825, when it was called the Miami Canal, related to its origin at the Great Miami River. The first section of the canal was opened for business in 1827.[18] In 1827, the canal connected Cincinnati to nearby Middletown; by 1840, it had reached Toledo. During this period of rapid expansion and prominence, residents of Cincinnati began referring to the city as the "Queen City".

Cincinnati depended on trade with the slave states south of the Ohio River, at a time when thousands of blacks were settling in the free state of Ohio, most from Kentucky and Virginia and some of them fugitives seeking freedom in the North. Many came to find work in Cincinnati. In the antebellum years, the majority of native-born whites in the city came from northern states, primarily Pennsylvania. In 1841 26 percent of whites were from the South and 57 percent from the eastern states, primarily Pennsylvania.[19] They retained their cultural support for slavery. This led to tensions between pro-slavery residents and those in favor of abolitionism and lifting restrictions on free people of color, as codified in the "Black Code" of 1804.[20]

The volatile social conditions produced white-led riots against blacks occurred in 1829, when many blacks lost their homes and property. As Irish immigrants entered the city in the late 1840s, they competed with blacks at the lower levels of the economy. White-led riots against blacks occurred in 1836, when an abolitionist press was twice destroyed; and in 1842.[20] More than one thousand blacks abandoned the city after the 1829 riots. Blacks in Philadelphia and other major cities raised money to help the refugees recover from the destruction. By 1842 blacks had become better established in the city; they defended their persons and property in the riot, and worked politically as well.[21]

After the steamboats, railroads were the first major form of commercial transportation to come to Cincinnati. In 1836, the Little Miami Railroad was chartered.[22] Construction began soon after, to connect Cincinnati with the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad, and provide access to the ports of the Sandusky Bay on Lake Erie.[18]

Cincinnati-civilwar

Cincinnati in 1862, a lithograph in Harper's Weekly.

Tyler-davis-fountain-1906

The Tyler Davidson Fountain, a symbol of Cincinnati, was dedicated in 1871.

In 1859, Cincinnati laid out six streetcar lines; the cars were pulled by horses and the lines made it easier for people to get around the city.[22] By 1872, Cincinnatians could travel on the streetcars within the city and transfer to rail cars for travel to the hill communities. The Cincinnati Inclined Plane Company began transporting people to the top of Mount Auburn that year.[18]

In 1880, the city government completed the Cincinnati Southern Railway to Chattanooga, Tennessee. It is the only municipality-owned interstate railway in the United States.

In 1884, outrage over a manslaughter verdict in what many observers thought was a clear case of murder triggered the Courthouse riots, one of the most destructive riots in American history. Over the course of three days, 56 people were killed and over 300 were injured.[23] The riots ended the regime of political bosses John Roll McLean and Thomas C. Campbell in Cincinnati. In 1889, the Cincinnati streetcar system began converting its horsecar lines to electric streetcars.[24]

An early rejuvenation of downtown began in the 1920s and continued into the next decade with the construction of Union Terminal, the post office, and the large Cincinnati and Suburban Telephone Company Building. Cincinnati weathered the Great Depression better than most American cities of its size, largely because of a resurgence in river trade, which was less expensive than transporting goods by rail. The flood of 1937 was one of the worst in the nation's history and destroyed many areas along the Ohio Valley. Afterward the city built protective flood walls.

Geography[]

Geographic regions ohio

Cincinnati is in the bluegrass region of Ohio.

A major city of the Ohio Valley, Cincinnati is situated on the north bank of the Ohio River in Hamilton County, which is the extreme southwestern county of the state of Ohio. It is midway by river between the cities of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Cairo, Illinois. The city lies opposite the mouth of the Licking River, an important factor in its being sited where it is.[25]

Cincinnati's core metro area spans parts of southern Ohio and northern Kentucky. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 79.54 square miles (206.01 km2), of which 77.94 square miles (201.86 km2) is land and 1.60 square miles (4.14 km2) is water.[1] The city spreads over a number of hills, bluffs, and low ridges overlooking the Ohio River in the Bluegrass region of the country.[26] Cincinnati is geographically located within the Midwest and is on the far northern periphery of the Upland South. Two-thirds of the American population live within a one-day drive of the city.[27][28][29]

Unusually, Cincinnati has 3 smaller municipalities within its borders: Norwood, Elmwood Place, and Saint Bernard. Norwood is a significant business and industrial city, while Elmwood Place and Saint Bernard are small, primarily residential, villages.

This topography is often used for physical activity. The Steps of Cincinnati carry pedestrians up and down the many hills in the city. In addition to practical use linking hillside neighborhoods, the 400 stairways provide visitors scenic views of the Cincinnati area.[30]

Cityscape[]

Fountain Square

Macy's Jazz Festival held in Fountain Square.

Downtown Cincinnati is focused around Fountain Square, a public square and event location.

Cincinnati is home to numerous structures that are noteworthy due to their architectural characteristics or historic associations, including the Carew Tower, the Scripps Center, the Ingalls Building, Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal, and the Isaac M. Wise Temple.[31]

PNC Tower

The PNC Tower, with the Carew Tower in the background.

The city is undergoing significant changes due to new development and private investment. This includes construction of the long-stalled Banks project, which will include apartments, retail, restaurants, and offices and will stretch from Great American Ball Park to Paul Brown Stadium. Phase 1A is already complete and 100 percent occupied as of early 2013. Smale Riverfront Park is being developed along with The Banks and is Cincinnati's newest park. Fountain Square was renovated in 2006.[32] Nearly $3.5 billion has been invested in the urban core of Cincinnati (including Northern Kentucky). Much has been done by 3CDC. A new streetcar system is also expected to be completed in late 2016.[33]

Queen City Square opened in January 2011. The building is the tallest in Cincinnati (surpassing the Carew Tower), and is the third tallest in Ohio, reaching a height of 665 feet.[34] In 2013 the Horseshoe Casino Cincinnati opened, the first casino in the city and fourth in the state of Ohio.

The mile-long Cincinnati Skywalk, which was completed in 1997, remains a viable way to traverse downtown on foot in an indoor environment, despite the removal of several segments based on modern urban-development initiatives.[35]

The Cincinnati Zoo located in Cincinnati Ohio is the second oldest Zoo in the United States.[36]

Downtown Cincy

Downtown Cincinnati

Climate[]

Cincinnati belongs to a climatic transition zone, at the northern limit of the humid subtropical climate and the southern limit of the humid continental climate zone (Köppen: Cfa/Dfa, respectively).[37] Summers are warm to hot and humid, with significant rainfall in each month and highs reaching 90 °F (32 °C) or above on 21 days per year, often with high dew points and humidity. July is the warmest month, with a daily average temperature of 75.9 °F (24.4 °C).[38]

Winters tend to be cold and snowy, with January, the coldest month, averaging at 30.8 °F (−0.7 °C).[38] Lows reach 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 2.6 nights annually.[38] An average winter will see around 22.1 inches (56 cm) of snowfall, contributing to the annual 42.5 inches (1,080 mm) of precipitation, with rainfall peaking in spring.[39] Extremes range from −25 °F (−32 °C) on January 18, 1977 up to 108 °F (42 °C) on July 21 and 22, 1934.[40] Severe thunderstorms are common in the warmer months, and tornadoes, while infrequent, are not unknown, with such events striking the Greater Cincinnati area most recently in 1974, 1999, and 2012.

Template:Cincinnati weatherbox

Hydrography[]

Flood in East end of Cincinnati - 1913 (LOC)

Cincinnati's East End neighborhood during the Great Flood of 1913.

Cincinnati includes 22 miles (35 km) of riverfront along the northern banks of the Ohio River, stretching from California to Sayler Park, giving the river and its movements a prominent place in the life of the city.[41] Frequent flooding has hampered the growth of Cincinnati's municipal airport at Lunken Field and the Coney Island amusement park.[42] Downtown Cincinnati is protected from flooding by the Serpentine Wall at Yeatman's Cove and another flood wall built into Fort Washington Way.[43] Parts of Cincinnati also experience flooding from the Little Miami River and Mill Creek.

Since April 1, 1922, the Ohio River's flood stage at Cincinnati has officially been set at 52 feet (16 m), as measured from the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge. At this depth, the pumping station at the mouth of Mill Creek is activated.[44][45] From 1873 to 1898, the flood stage was 45 feet (14 m). From 1899 to March 31, 1922, it was 50 feet (15 m).[45] The Ohio River reached its lowest level, less than 2 feet (0.61 m), in 1881; conversely, its all-time high water mark is 79 feet Template:Convert/and/frn1 (24.381 m), having crested on January 26, 1937, during the Flood of 1937.[44][46] Various parts of Cincinnati flood at different points: Riverbend Music Center in the California neighborhood floods at 42 feet (13 m), while Sayler Park floods at 71 feet (22 m) and the Freeman Avenue flood gate closes at 75 feet (23 m).[44]

Demographics[]

Historical populations
Census Pop.
1800 850
1810 2,540 198.8%
1820 9,642 279.6%
1830 24,831 157.5%
1840 46,338 86.6%
1850 115,435 149.1%
1860 161,044 39.5%
1870 216,239 34.3%
1880 255,139 18.0%
1890 296,908 16.4%
1900 325,902 9.8%
1910 363,591 11.6%
1920 401,247 10.4%
1930 451,160 12.4%
1940 455,610 1.0%
1950 503,998 10.6%
1960 502,550 −0.3%
1970 452,525 −10.0%
1980 385,460 −14.8%
1990 364,040 −5.6%
2000 331,285 −9.0%
2010 296,945 −10.4%
Est. 2015 298,550 [47] −9.9%
Population 1810–1970.[17]
Population 1980–2000.[48][49]
Population 2010.[50]
Demographic profile 2010[51] 1990[52] 1970[52] 1950[52]
White 49.3% 60.5% 71.9% 84.4%
 —Non-Hispanic 48.1% 60.2% 71.4%[53] n/a
Black or African American 44.8% 37.9% 27.6% 15.5%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 2.8% 0.7% 0.6% n/a
Asian 1.8% 1.1% 0.2% 0.1%

For several decades the Census Bureau had been reporting a steady decline in the city's population as residents moved out to new suburbs in the postwar years, aided by newly built highways. In addition, industrial restructuring cost a loss of jobs in the late 20th century. But, according to the Census Bureau's 2006 estimates, the population was 332,252, representing an increase from 331,310 in 2005.[54] The city had officially challenged the original census numbers. In addition, Mayor Mark Mallory has repeatedly argued that the city's population is 378,259, after a drill-down study was performed by an independent, non-profit group based in Washington, D.C.[55]

As of the 2010 census, the racial demographics for the city of Cincinnati were: 49.3% white (48.1% non-Hispanic white), 44.8% black or African-American, 0.3% American Indian or Alaskan Native, 1.8% Asian, 0.1% Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 2.5% two or more races, and 2.8% Hispanic (of any race).[56]

As of the 2000 census, the Cincinnati-MiddletownWilmington Metropolitan Statistical Area has a population of 2,155,137 people, making it the 24th-largest MSA in the country. It includes the Ohio counties of Hamilton, Butler, Warren, Clermont, and Brown, as well as the Kentucky counties of Boone, Bracken, Campbell, Gallatin, Grant, Kenton, and Pendleton, and the Indiana counties of Dearborn, Franklin, and Ohio.

Race relations[]

National underground railroad freedom center main entrance 2006

The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center has exhibits on the Underground Railroad

Because of its location on the Ohio River, Cincinnati was a border town in a free state, across from Kentucky, a slave state. Some residents of Cincinnati played a major role in abolitionism. Many fugitive slaves used the Ohio River at Cincinnati to escape to the North. Cincinnati had numerous stations on the Underground Railroad, but there were also slave catchers active in the city, who put escaping slaves at risk of recapture.

Given its southern Ohio location, Cincinnati had also attracted settlers from the Upper South, who traveled along the Ohio River into the territory. Tensions between abolitionists and slavery supporters broke out in repeated violence, with whites attacking blacks in 1829. Anti-abolitionists attacked blacks in the city in a wave of destruction that resulted in 1,200 blacks leaving the city and the country; they resettled in Canada.[57] The riot and its refugees were a topic of discussion throughout the nation, and blacks organized the first Negro Convention in 1830 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to discuss these events.

White riots against blacks took place again in Cincinnati in 1836 and 1842.[57] In 1836, a mob of 700 pro-slavery men attacked black neighborhoods, as well as a press run by James M. Birney, publisher of the anti-slavery weekly The Philanthropist.[58] Tensions increased after congressional passage in 1850 of the Fugitive Slave Act, which required cooperation by citizens in free states and increased penalties for failing to try to recapture escaped slaves.

Levi Coffin made the Cincinnati area the center of his anti-slavery efforts in 1847.[59] Harriet Beecher Stowe lived in Cincinnati for a time, met escaped slaves, and used their stories as a basis for her watershed novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, which opened in 2004 on the Cincinnati riverfront in the middle of "The Banks" area between Great American Ballpark and Paul Brown Stadium, commemorates the volunteers who aided refugee slaves and their drive for freedom, as well as others who have been leaders for social justice.

Located in a free state and attracting many European immigrants, Cincinnati has historically had a predominantly white population.[52] By 1940, the Census Bureau reported the city's population as 87.8 percent white and 12.2 percent black.[52]

In the second half of the 20th century, Cincinnati, along with other rust belt cities, underwent a vast demographic transformation. By the early 21st century, the city was 40 percent black. Predominantly white, working-class families who had filled the urban core during the European immigration boom in the 19th and early 20th centuries, moved to newly constructed suburbs before and after World War II. Blacks, fleeing the oppression of the Jim Crow South in hopes of better socioeconomic opportunity, had filled these older city neighborhoods in their Great Migration to the industrial North. The downturn in industry in the late 20th century caused a loss of many jobs, leaving many people stuck in poverty. In 1968, passage of national civil rights legislation had raised hopes for positive change, but the assassination of national leader Martin Luther King, Jr. by a white man resulted in despair in black neighborhoods and riots by many in Cincinnati; black riots took place in nearly every major U.S. city after King's murder.

More than three decades later, in April 2001, racially charged riots occurred after police fatally shot a young unarmed black man, Timothy Thomas during a foot pursuit to arrest him, mostly for outstanding traffic warrants.[60] After the 2001 riots, a collaborative agreement was formed among the ACLU, Cincinnati Black United Front, city and police union, which required police to adopt community-oriented policing as a strategy. The collaborative agreement has been used as a model across the country for building positive relationships between police and the communities they serve.[61]

Economy[]

Cincinnati-procter-and-gamble-headquarters

Procter & Gamble is one of many large corporations with headquarters in the city.

Major corporations have their head offices in Cincinnati, such as Procter & Gamble, The Kroger Company, and Macy's, Inc., amongst others. Kroger, the largest employer in the city, has 17,000 employees. The University of Cincinnati is the second largest, with 15,162 employees.[62]

Arts and culture[]

Taste-of-Cincinnati-2009

Approximately 500,000 attend Taste of Cincinnati annually, making it one of the largest street festivals in the United States.[63]

Cincinnati's culture is strongly influenced by its history of German and Irish immigrants and its geographical position on the border of the Southern United States and Midwestern United States. In the mid to late nineteenth century, Cincinnati became a major destination for German and Irish immigrants. In 1830 residents with German roots made up 5 percent of the population, as many had migrated from Pennsylvania; ten years later the number had risen to 30 percent.[64] Thousands of German immigrants entered the city after the revolutions in the German states in 1848 and by 1900, more than 60 percent of its population was of German background.[65]

Cincinnati's Jewish community was developed by immigrants from England and Germany. They developed Reform Judaism in response to the influences of the Enlightenment and making their new lives in the United States. Isaac M. Wise Temple was the first Reform Judaism temple to be built, breaking away from Conservative and Orthodox Judaism.

Fountain Square serves as one of the cultural cornerstones of the region.

Findlay Market Cincinnati

Findlay Market, Ohio's oldest operating market

Food[]

Cincinnati's German heritage is evident in the city's food selection. Many restaurants specialize in schnitzels and Bavarian cooking, as southern Germany was the origin of many immigrants.[66] Two annual festivals focus on traditional German foods: Oktoberfest Zinzinnati, billed as the largest Oktoberfest celebration outside Munich,[67] and Bockfest, the country's oldest German-style bock beer festival.[68]

Cincinnati also has many gourmet restaurants. The Maisonette in Cincinnati had the distinction of being Mobil Travel Guide's longest-running five-star restaurant in the country, holding that distinction for 41 consecutive years until its closing in 2005. Jean-Robert de Cavel has opened four new restaurants in the area since 2001, including Jean-Robert's at Pigall's; this closed in March 2009.

One of America's oldest[69] and most celebrated[70] bars, Arnold's Bar and Grill in Downtown Cincinnati has won awards and accolades from several National media publications. Including Esquire Magazine's "Best Bars in America",[71] Thrillist's "Most Iconic Bar in Ohio",[72] The Daily Meal's "150 Best bars in America"[73] and Seriouseats.com's "The Cincinnati 10".[74] America's Foremost Cocktail Guru,[75] David Wondrich stated that "if Arnold's were in New York, San Francisco, Chicago, or Boston – somewhere, in short, that people actually visit – it would be world-famous."[69]

Local specialties[]

Cincinnati is identified with two unique foods common in the area but seldom found outside Greater Cincinnati: Cincinnati chili, and Goetta.[76]

Cincinnati chili[]

Cincinnati chili, a Mediterranean-spiced meat sauce served over spaghetti or hot dogs, is the area's "best-known regional food."[77] It is served by several chains, including Skyline Chili, Gold Star Chili, and Dixie Chili and Deli, plus independent chili parlors including Camp Washington Chili.[78] Cincinnati has been called the "Chili Capital of America" and "of the World" because it has more chili restaurants per capita than any other city in the nation or world.[79]

Goetta[]

Goetta is a German-inspired meat-and-grain sausage made of ground pork and pinhead oatmeal, usually fried and eaten as a breakfast food.[80]

Events[]

The Belle of Louisville docks next to the Natchez in Cincinnati for Tall Stacks 2006

Cincinnati's Tall Stacks festival

Cincinnati hosts a number of large annual events. Oktoberfest Zinzinnati, Bockfest, and the Taste of Cincinnati that feature local restaurateurs. Music-related events include the Cincinnati May Festival, MidPoint Music Festival, and Cincinnati Bell/WEBN Riverfest. The Flying Pig Marathon is an annual event attracting many serious and amateur runners. Tall Stacks, held every three or four years, celebrates the city's riverboat heritage.

Dialect[]

Cincinnati lies at the periphery of a region that speaks Midland American English, a dialect closely associated with General American. Unlike the rest of the Midwest, Southwest Ohio shares some aspects of its vowel system with northern New Jersey English.[81][82] However, the most distinctive local features have gradually diminished among younger speakers in favor of Midland American.[83] There is also some influence from the Southern American dialect found in Kentucky.[84]

An element of German culture remains audible in the local vernacular: some residents use the word please when asking a speaker to repeat a statement. This usage is taken from the German practice, when bitte (a shortening of the formal, "Wie bitte?" or "How please?" rendered word for word from German into English), was used as shorthand for asking someone to repeat.[85][86]

Theatre[]

File:Photo Collage, USITT 2015.jpg

A photo collage of some of the views of the USITT Conference and Stage Expo in Cincinnati, OH, 2015

Professional theatre has operated in Cincinnati since at least as early as the 1800s. Among the professional companies based in the city are Ensemble Theatre Cincinnati, Cincinnati Shakespeare Company, the Know Theatre of Cincinnati, Stage First Cincinnati, Cincinnati Public Theatre, Cincinnati Opera, The Performance Gallery and Clear Stage Cincinnati. The city is also home to Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, which hosts regional premieres, and the Aronoff Center, which hosts touring Broadway shows each year via Broadway Across America. The city has community theatres, such as the Cincinnati Young People's Theatre, the Showboat Majestic (which is the last surviving showboat in the United States and possibly the world), and the Mariemont Players.

In 2015, Cincinnati held the USITT 2015 Conference and Stage Expo at the Duke Energy Convention Center, bringing 5,000+ students, university educators, theatrical designers and performers, and other personnel to the city. The USITT Conference is considered the main annual conference for Theatre, Opera, and Dance in the United States.

Sports[]

Cincinnati has two major league teams, seven minor league teams, five college institutions with sports teams, and seven major sports venues. Cincinnati's two major league teams are Major League Baseball's Reds, who were named for America's first professional baseball team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings;[87][88][89] and the Bengals of the National Football League. On Major League Baseball Opening Day, Cincinnati has the distinction of holding the "traditional opener" in baseball each year, due to its baseball history. Many children in Cincinnati skip school on Opening Day, which is commonly thought of as a city holiday.[90] The Cincinnati Reds have won 5 World Series titles and had one of the most successful baseball teams of all time in the early 1970s, known as The Big Red Machine. The Bengals have made 2 Super Bowl appearances since its founding, in 1981 and 1988, but have yet to win a championship. As of 2016, the Bengals have the longest active playoff win drought (26 years) despite making 5 straight playoff appearances from 2011-2016.

Cincinnati is also home to two very successful men's college basketball teams: the Xavier Musketeers and the Cincinnati Bearcats. Annually, the two teams face off in one of the fiercest college basketball rivalries know as the Crosstown Shootout. In 2012, the rivalry game erupted in an on-court brawl at the end of the game that saw multiple suspensions follow. The Musketeers have made 10 of the last 11 NCAA tournaments while the Bearcats have made six consecutive appearances.

Previously, the Cincinnati Royals competed in the National Basketball Association from 1957 to 1972.

Downtown cincinnati 2010 kdh

Aerial view of downtown Cincinnati in 2010

The Cincinnati Masters, a historic international men's and women's tennis tournament that is part of the a ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Series, was established in the city in 1899, and has been held in suburban Mason since 1979.

The Cincinnati Cyclones are a minor league AA-level professional hockey team playing in the ECHL. Founded in 1990, the team play at U.S. Bank Arena. They won the 2010 Kelly Cup Finals, their 2nd championship in three seasons.

FC Cincinnati is a soccer team that plays in the USL. FC Cincinnati made its home debut on April 9, 2016, before a crowd of more than 14,000 fans.[91] On their next home game vs Louisville City FC, FCC broke the all-time USL attendance record with a crowd of 20,497. Not long after on May 14, 2016, it broke its own record, bringing in an audience of 23,375 on its 1-0 victory against the Pittsburgh Riverhounds. Cincinnati is also home to three professional soccer teams — two outdoor teams, the Cincinnati Kings (men's) and Cincinnati LadyHawks (women's), and one indoor team, the Cincinnati Excite (men's).

Cincinnati is also home to the first American based Australian Rules Football Team, The Cincinnati Dockers established in 1996.

Cincinnati area professional teams
Club Sport Founded League Venue
Cincinnati Bengals Football 1968 National Football League Paul Brown Stadium
Cincinnati Reds Baseball 1882 Major League Baseball Great American Ball Park
Cincinnati Cyclones Ice hockey 1990 ECHL U.S. Bank Arena
Cincinnati Revolution Ultimate Frisbee 2011 American Ultimate Disc League Sheakley Athletic Center
FC Cincinnati Soccer 2015 United Soccer League Nippert Stadium

Government[]

File:Logo for the City of Cincinnati.jpg

The logo for the City of Cincinnati.

The city is governed by a nine-member city council, whose members are elected at-large. Prior to 1924, city council members were elected through a system of wards. The ward system was subject to corruption and as with any one-party dominance, abuses arose. From the 1880s to the 1920s, the Republican Party dominated city politics, with the political machine of "Boss" Cox exerting control.

A reform movement arose in 1923, led by another Republican, Murray Seasongood. Seasongood founded the Charter Committee, which used ballot initiatives in 1924 to replace the ward system with the current at-large system. They gained approval by voters for a council-manager government form of government, in which the smaller council (compared to the number of previous ward representatives) hires a professional manager to operate daily affairs of the city. From 1924 to 1957, the council was elected by proportional representation and single transfer voting (STV). Starting with Ashtabula in 1915, several major cities in Ohio adopted this electoral system, which had the practical effect of reducing ward boss and political party power. For that reason, such groups opposed it.

In an effort to overturn the charter that provided for PR, opponents in 1957 fanned fears of black political power, at a time of increasing civil rights activism.[92] The PR/STV system had enabled minorities to enter local politics and gain seats on the city council more than they had before, in proportion to their share of the population. This made government more representatives of the residents of the city.[93]

Overturning that charter, in 1957, all candidates had to run in a single race for the nine city council positions. The top nine vote-getters were elected (the "9-X system"), which favored candidates who could appeal to the entire geographic area of the city and reach its residents with campaign materials. The mayor was elected by the council. In 1977, thirty-three-year-old Jerry Springer, later a notable television talk show host, was chosen to serve one year as mayor.

Residents continued to work to improve their system. To have their votes count more, starting in 1987, the top vote-getter in the city council election was automatically selected as mayor. Starting in 1999, the mayor was elected separately in a general at-large election for the first time. The city manager's role in government was reduced. These reforms were referred to as the "strong mayor" reforms, to make the city government accountable to voters. Cincinnati politics include the participation of the Charter Party, the party with the third-longest history of winning in local elections.

The current mayor of Cincinnati is John Cranley. The nine-member city council is composed of Vice-Mayor David Mann and Councilmembers Yvette Simpson (President Pro-Tem), Kevin Flynn, Amy Murray, Chris Seelbach, P.G. Sittenfeld, Christopher Smitherman, Charlie Winburn, and Wendell Young.[94]

Police and fire departments[]

Cincinnati-Part-1-Crimes

Crime in Cincinnati increased after the 2001 riots, but has been decreasing since.

The city of Cincinnati's emergency services for fire, rescue, EMS, hazardous materials and explosive ordnance disposal is handled by the Cincinnati Fire Department. On April 1, 1853, the Cincinnati Fire Department became the first paid professional fire department in the United States.[95] The Cincinnati Fire Department operates out of 26 fire stations, located throughout the city in 4 districts, each commanded by a district chief.[96][97][98]

The Cincinnati Fire Department is organized into 4 bureaus: Operations,[97] Personnel and Training,[99] Administrative Services,[100] and Fire Prevention.[101] Each bureau is commanded by an assistant chief, who in turn reports to the chief of department.

The Cincinnati Police Department has more than 1,000 sworn officers. Before the riots of 2001, Cincinnati's overall crime rate had been dropping steadily and by 1995 had reached its lowest point since 1992 but with more murders and rapes.[102] After the riot, violent crime increased, but crime has been on the decline since.[103] In 2015, there were 71 homicides.[104]

Education[]

050819 036 Univ Cincy

The University of Cincinnati's McMicken Hall.

The Cincinnati Public School (CPS) district includes 16 high schools accepting students on a city-wide basis. CPS is the third-largest Ohio school district by student population, and the largest one to garner an overall 'effective' rating from the state.[105] The district includes public Montessori schools, including the first public Montessori high school established in the United States, Clark Montessori.[106] Cincinnati Public Schools' top-rated school is Walnut Hills High School, ranked 34th on the national list of best public schools by Newsweek. Walnut Hills offers 28 Advanced Placement courses. Cincinnati is also home to the first Kindergarten – 12th grade Arts School in the country, The School for Creative and Performing Arts.

Four story brick and steel building before blue sky and clouds with trees and grass in foreground

The School for Creative and Performing Arts.

The Cincinnati area has one of the highest private school attendance rates in the United States; Hamilton County ranks second only to St. Louis County, Missouri among the country's 100 largest counties.[107][108]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati operates 10 high schools in Cincinnati; six of which are single-sex: there are four all-female schools and two all-male high schools in the city, with additional schools in the metro areas.[109] and six all-female high schools[110]

The Jewish community has several schools, including the all-girl RITSS (Regional Institute for Torah and Secular Studies) high school,[111] and the all-boy Yeshivas Lubavitch High School.[112] Hebrew Union College- Jewish Institute of Religion (HUC-JIR), founded by Isaac Mayer Wise, is a seminary for training of Reform rabbis and others religious.[113]

Cincinnati is home to the University of Cincinnati and Xavier University. The University of Cincinnati, often referred to as "UC", is one of the United States' major graduate research institutions in engineering, music, architecture, classical archaeology, and psychology. The University of Cincinnati Medical Center is highly regarded, as well as the College Conservatory of Music, which has many notable alumni, including Kathleen Battle, Al Hirt and Faith Prince. Xavier, a Jesuit university, was at one time affiliated with The Athenaeum of Ohio, the seminary of the Cincinnati Archdiocese.

Antonelli College, a career training school, is based in Cincinnati with several satellite campuses in Ohio and Mississippi. Cincinnati State is a community college that includes the Midwest Culinary School. Also located in Cincinnati are Cincinnati Christian University and Chatfield College, a Catholic two-year college, located in Downtown.

In 2009, Cincinnati was listed fourth on CNN's Top 10 cities for new grads.[114] Keeping college graduates is an important goal of the city, on which it bases its future.

The city has an extensive library system, both the city's public one and university facilities. In 1998, The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County was the third-largest public library nationally.[115]

Media and music[]

Cincinnati is served by The Cincinnati Enquirer, a daily newspaper. The city is home to several alternative, weekly, and monthly publications, as well as twelve television stations and many radio stations. Free weekly print magazine publications include CityBeat[116] and Metromix, which have a local events and entertainment focus.

A Rage in Harlem was filmed entirely in the Cincinnati neighborhood of Over the Rhine because of its similarity to 1950s Harlem. Movies that were filmed in part in Cincinnati include The Best Years of Our Lives (aerial footage early in the film), Ides of March, Fresh Horses, The Asphalt Jungle (the opening is shot from the Public Landing and takes place in Cincinnati although only Boone County, Kentucky is mentioned), Rain Man, Airborne, Grimm Reality, Little Man Tate, City of Hope, An Innocent Man, Tango & Cash, A Mom for Christmas, Lost in Yonkers, Summer Catch, Artworks, Dreamer, Elizabethtown, Jimmy and Judy, Eight Men Out, Milk Money,Traffic, The Pride of Jesse Hallam, The Great Buck Howard, In Too Deep, Seven Below, Carol, Public Eye, The Last Late Night,[117] and The Mighty.[118] In addition, Wild Hogs is set, though not filmed, in Cincinnati.[119]

The Cincinnati skyline was prominently featured in the opening and closing sequences of the CBS daytime drama The Edge of Night from its start in 1956 until 1980, when it was replaced by the Los Angeles skyline; the cityscape was the stand-in for the show's setting, Monticello. Procter & Gamble, the show's producer, is based in Cincinnati. The sitcom WKRP in Cincinnati and its sequel/spin-off The New WKRP in Cincinnati featured the city's skyline and other exterior shots in its credits, although was not filmed in Cincinnati. The city's skyline has also appeared in an April Fool's episode of The Drew Carey Show, which was set in Carey's hometown of Cleveland. 3 Doors Down's music video "It's Not My Time" was filmed in Cincinnati, and features the skyline and Fountain Square. Also, Harry's Law, the NBC legal dramedy created by David E. Kelley and starring Kathy Bates, was set in Cincinnati.[120]

Shiny And The Spoon at the zoo

Local folk band Shiny and the Spoon perform at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden.

Cincinnati has given rise to popular musicians and singers Doris Day, Dinah Shore, Fats Waller, Rosemary Clooney, Bootsy Collins, The Isley Brothers, Merle Travis, Hank Ballard, Otis Williams, Mood, Midnight Star, The Afghan Whigs, Over the Rhine, Blessid Union of Souls, Freddie Meyer, 98 Degrees, The Greenhornes, The Deele, Enduser, Heartless Bastards, The Dopamines, Adrian Belew, The National, Foxy Shazam, Why?, Wussy, and Walk the Moon, and alternative hip hop producer Hi-Tek calls the Greater Cincinnati region home. Andy Biersack, the lead vocalist for the rock band Black Veil Brides, was born in Cincinnati.

WCET channel 48, now known as CET, is the nation's oldest licensed public television station (License #1, issued in 1951).[121]

The Cincinnati May Festival Chorus is an amateur choir that has been in existence since 1880. Music Director James Conlon and Chorus Director Robert Porco lead the Chorus through an extensive repertoire of classical music. The May Festival Chorus is the mainstay of the oldest continuous choral festival in the Western Hemisphere. Cincinnati's Music Hall was built specifically to house the May Festival. The city is home to the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Cincinnati Opera, Cincinnati Boychoir and Cincinnati Ballet. The Greater Cincinnati area is also home to several regional orchestras and youth orchestras, including the Starling Chamber Orchestra and the Cincinnati Symphony Youth Orchestra.

The Hollows series of books by Kim Harrison is an urban fantasy that takes place in Cincinnati. American Girl's Kit Kittredge sub-series also took place in the city, although the film based on it was shot in Toronto.

Cincinnati also has its own chapter (or "Tent") of The Sons of the Desert (The Laurel and Hardy Appreciation Society), which meets several times per year.[122]

A previous mayor of Cincinnati, Mark Mallory, was featured on CBS's Undercover Boss.

The Cincinnati Police Department was featured on TLC's Police Women of Cincinnati and on A&E's reality show The First 48.

Cincinnati is the subject of a Connie Smith song written by Bill Anderson, called Cincinnati, Ohio (song).

Transportation[]

Cincinnati Transit Frequency Map

A transit map of Greater Cincinnati.

Transportation in Cincinnati is dominated by private automobiles. Public transit ridership has been in decline for at least several decades and bicycles and walking account for a relatively small portion of all trips. Like many other middle-western cities though, bicycle use is growing fairly rapidly in the 2000s and 2010s.

Transportation issues[]

In 1916 the mayor of Cincinnati and its citizens voted to spend $6 million to build the Cincinnati Subway. The subway was planned to be a 16-mile loop from Downtown to Norwood to Oakley and back to the east side of Downtown. World War I delayed the construction in 1920 and inflation raised the costs causing the Oakley portion never to be built. Mayor Seasonwood who took office later on argued in would cost too much money to finish the system. If the Cincinnati Streetcar is finished it will cross directly above the unfinished subway.[123][124]

The Riverfront Transit Center, built under 2nd Street, is about the size of eight football fields. It is only used for sports games. When it was built, it was designed for public transit buses, charter buses, school buses, inter-city coach buses, light rail, and possibly commuter rail. On days it is not in use for sports games, it is closed off and rented to a private parking vendor.[125][126][127]

The Cincinnati Streetcar has also been met by many delays and funding issues.[128][129]

Inner-city transit[]

Cincinnati is served by the Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority (SORTA), the Transit Authority of Northern Kentucky (TANK) and the Clermont Transportation Connection. SORTA and TANK primarily operate 40-foot diesel buses, though some lines are served by longer articulated or hybrid-engine buses. Cincinnati is also currently constructing a streetcar line in Downtown and Over-the-Rhine. This modern version of the streetcar is scheduled to be ready by September 2016.

Inter-city Transit[]

Highways of Greater Cincinnati

A map of Greater Cincinnati's highways.

The city is served by Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (IATA: CVG) which is actually located in Hebron, Kentucky. The airport is a hub for Delta Air Lines and express mail service company DHL Express, in addition the airport is a focus city for Allegiant Air and Frontier Airlines.[130][131] In addition, Cincinnati Municipal Lunken Airport (IATA: LUK), has daily service on commercial charter flights, and is located in Ohio. The airport serves as hub for Ultimate Air Shuttle and Flamingo Air.

Cincinnati is served by Amtrak's Cardinal, an intercity passenger train which makes three weekly trips in each direction between Chicago and New York City through Cincinnati Union Terminal.

Megabus and Greyhound as well as several other, smaller motor coach companies operate out of Cincinnati, making trips within the midwest or beyond.

Major roads[]

The city has an outer-belt, Interstate 275 (which is the longest circle highway in the country) and a spur, Interstate 471, to Kentucky. It is also served by Interstate 71, Interstate 74, Interstate 75 and numerous U.S. highways: US 22, US 25, US 27, US 42, US 50, US 52, and US 127.

News Stations[]

  • WCPO 9 news on ABC
  • WLWT 5 news on NBC
  • WKRC 12 news on CBS
  • WXIX 19 news on FOX

Notable people[]

Sister cities[]

Cincinnati has nine sister cities.[132][133]

  • GermanyMunich, Germany
  • IndiaMysore, Karnataka, India[134][135]
  • People's Republic of ChinaLiuzhou, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
  • JapanGifu, Gifu, Japan
  • FranceNancy, France
  • Republic of ChinaNew Taipei, Taiwan
  • UkraineKharkiv, Ukraine
  • ZimbabweHarare, Zimbabwe
  • JordanAmman, Jordan[136]

See also[]

  • Cincinnati nicknames
  • Cincinnati streetcars
  • City Plan for Cincinnati
  • Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky metropolitan area – Greater Cincinnati
  • List of Cincinnati neighborhoods
  • List of mayors of Cincinnati
  • National Register of Historic Places listings in Cincinnati, Ohio
  • Vine Street, Cincinnati

Notes[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt. Retrieved January 6, 2013. 
  2. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml. Retrieved January 6, 2013. 
  3. ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2016/05/19/cincinnati-s-population-inches-up-again.html
  4. ^ "Zip Code Lookup". USPS. http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp. Retrieved December 2, 2014. 
  5. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder2.census.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008. 
  6. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. http://geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2008. 
  7. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx. Retrieved June 7, 2011. 
  8. ^ "Cincinnati". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts, United States: Merriam-Webster. 2008. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Cincinnati. Retrieved September 18, 2008. 
  9. ^ Thomas, G. Scott (June 22, 2010). "Census: Cincinnati 62nd-largest U.S. city". Business Courier. http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2010/06/21/daily22.html. Retrieved June 22, 2010. 
  10. ^ Industrial Bureau of Cincinnati (1909). The Cincinnati Industrial Magazine, Volumes 1–2. p. 33. https://books.google.com/books?id=XSoWAAAAYAAJ&dq=steven%20rolfes&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved May 20, 2013. 
  11. ^ Rieselman, Deborah. "Brief history of University of Cincinnati". UC Magazine. University of Cincinnati University Relations. http://magazine.uc.edu/favorites/fun/briefhistory.html. Retrieved February 12, 2014. 
  12. ^ "When Cincinnati was 'the Paris of America'". Building Cincinnati. April 19, 2010. http://www.building-cincinnati.com/2010/04/when-cincinnati-was-paris-of-america.html. 
  13. ^ Lossing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 476. 
  14. ^ History of Cincinnati, Ohio
  15. ^ a b "How Cincinnati Became A City". Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100724122451/http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/crc/pages/-5928-/. 
  16. ^ Clark, S. J. (1912). Cincinnati, the Queen City, 1788–1912, Volume 2. The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. p. 9. https://books.google.com/books?id=-hB6AAAAMAAJ&dq=cincinnati%20the%20queen%20city%20clarke&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q=cincinnati%20the%20queen%20city%20clarke&f=false. Retrieved May 20, 2013. 
  17. ^ a b "Population of the 100 largest cities 1790–1990". The United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027.html. Retrieved July 29, 2007. 
  18. ^ a b c Carl W. Condit. The Railroad and the City: A Technological and Urbanistic History of Cincinnati. 
  19. ^ Taylor (2005), Frontiers of Freedom, pp. 20–21
  20. ^ a b Daniel Aaron (1992). Cincinnati, Queen City of the West: 1819–1838. Ohio State University Press. p. 300ff. ISBN 0-8142-0570-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=eCgVN3FKOxQC&pg=PA300. Retrieved October 24, 2010. 
  21. ^ Nikki Marie Taylor, Frontiers of Freedom: Cincinnati's Black Community, 1802–1868, Columbus: Ohio University Press, 2005
  22. ^ a b Robert Vexler. Cincinnati: A Chronological & Documentary History. 
  23. ^ Stradling 2003, p. 67.
  24. ^ O'Neill, Tom (August 18, 2001). "Exhibit commemorates the streetcar era". The Cincinnati Enquirer. http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2001/08/18/loc_exhibit_commemorates.html. Retrieved January 3, 2014. 
  25. ^ Charles Theodore Greve (1904). Centennial History of Cincinnati and Representative Citizens, Volume 1. Biographical Publishing Company. p. 13. https://books.google.com/books?id=eJxABLtxX60C&dq=1880%20cincinnati&pg=PA13#v=onepage&q=1880%20cincinnati&f=false. Retrieved May 22, 2013. 
  26. ^ Ohio Divistion of Geological Survey (1998). "Physiographic Regions of Ohio" (pdf). Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/portals/10/pdf/physio.pdf. Retrieved February 13, 2014. 
  27. ^ "Region Description: Upper South". National Gardening Association. http://www.garden.org/regional/report/description/full/8. Retrieved March 4, 2011. 
  28. ^ "Ohio State Geography". TheUSAonline.com. http://www.theusaonline.com/states/ohio/geography.htm. Retrieved March 4, 2011. 
  29. ^ "United States: The Upper South". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/419058/3822/. Retrieved March 4, 2011. 
  30. ^ "Hillside Steps – Transportation & Engineering". Cincinnati-oh.gov. http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/dote/dote-programs/hillside-steps/. Retrieved July 10, 2013. 
  31. ^ wisetemple.org
  32. ^ The Fountain. 2016. http://myfountainsquare.com/features-of-the-square/the-fountain/.
  33. ^ City of Cincinnati. 2016. Design and Route. http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/streetcar/design-route/.
  34. ^ "Sights in Cincinnati, Ohio". Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20071230101731/http://news.enquirer.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071221/BIZ01/712210351. 
  35. ^ "The story behind Cincinnati's slowly disappearing skywalk system". February 24, 2012. http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/blog/2012/02/the-story-behind-cincinnatis-slowly.html?page=all. 
  36. ^ http://cincinnatizoo.org/about-us/history-and-vision/
  37. ^ US Map of the Köppen climate classification system
  38. ^ a b c Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NOAA txt
  39. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NOAA
  40. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NWS
  41. ^ "Odds & Ends: Riverfront plan, food and disease, easy governing". The Cincinnati Enquirer (Gannett Company): p. A6. November 4, 1981. http://cincinnati.newspapers.com/newspage/103177479/. 
  42. ^ "History". Coney Island. http://coneyislandpark.com/history. Retrieved October 20, 2015. 
  43. ^ Pilcher, James (March 14, 2015). "Flood expands, but impact not yet as bad as in past". The Cincinnati Enquirer (Gannett Company). http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/03/14/flood-expands-impact-yet-bad-past/24774885/. Retrieved October 20, 2015. 
  44. ^ a b c Van Sant, Rick (January 23, 1996). "Flooding by the Numbers". The Cincinnati Post (E. W. Scripps Company). http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72845614.html. Retrieved October 20, 2015. 
  45. ^ a b "History of Riverfront Development". The Banks Public Partnership. http://www.thebankspublicpartnership.com/history. Retrieved October 20, 2015. 
  46. ^ Singer, Allen J. (October 20, 2004). Cincinnati on the Go: History of Mass Transit. Images of America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 9781439615119. //books.google.com/books?id=AZ1fC_nxmYMC&pg=PT24. 
  47. ^ "Cincinnati’s population inches up again". http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2016/05/19/cincinnati-s-population-inches-up-again.html. 
  48. ^ "1980–1990 Population of Places With 100,000 or More Inhabitants". The United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/c1008090pc.txt. Retrieved July 29, 2007. 
  49. ^ "2009 Estimates for Ohio Cities". citypopulation.de. http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Ohio.html. Retrieved February 26, 2010. 
  50. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Delivers Ohio's 2010 Census Population Totals, Including First Look at Race and Hispanic Origin Data for Legislative Redistricting". The United States Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn72.html. Retrieved March 9, 2011. 
  51. ^ "Cincinnati (city), Ohio". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3915000.html. 
  52. ^ a b c d e "Ohio — Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html. Retrieved April 16, 2012. 
  53. ^ From 15% sample
  54. ^ "Subcounty population estimates: Ohio 2000–2006" (CSV). United States Census Bureau, Population Division. June 28, 2007. http://www.census.gov/popest/cities/files/SUB-EST2006_39.csv. Retrieved May 28, 2008. 
  55. ^ Korte, Gregory (June 27, 2007). "Mayor: Census count low again". The Cincinnati Enquirer. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. https://web.archive.org/20070929222619/http://news.enquirer.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070627/NEWS01/706270362/1056/COL02. 
  56. ^ "Cincinnati (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". census.gov. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39/3915000.html. 
  57. ^ a b Carter G. Woodson, Charles Harris Wesley (1922). The Negro in Our History. Associated Publishers (digitized from original at University of Michigan Library). p. 140. https://books.google.com/books?id=wEhLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=1830+riot+in+Cincinnati&source=web&ots=XTXSNlAhMu&sig=JYdOdWPUek0sT5_S6IK8JFBbpKY&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=6&ct=result#PPA140,M1. Retrieved October 1, 2013. 
  58. ^ "The Pro-Slavery Riot in Cincinnati", Abolitionism 1830–1850, Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Culture, University of Virginia, 1998–2007, accessed January 14, 2009
  59. ^ Levi Coffin, Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the reputed president of the underground railroad: being a brief history of the labors of a lifetime in behalf of the slave, with the stories of numerous fugitives, who gained their freedom through his instrumentality, and many other incidents, Cincinnati: Western Tract Society, University of Michigan Library
  60. ^ "Cincinnati.Com - Your Key to the City". cincinnati.com. http://www.cincinnati.com/unrest/. 
  61. ^ "Ohio — 2001 riots led to top-down change for Cincinnati police". USA Today. http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-04-03-cincinnati-riots-anniversary_N.htm. Retrieved January 29, 2015. 
  62. ^ "Cincinnati USA Top 20 Employers". Cincinnati USA Partnership. 2011. http://www.cincinnatiusa.org/economic-development-news/economic-development-reports/top-20-employers-in-cincinnati.pdf. Retrieved February 13, 2014. 
  63. ^ Taste of Cincinnati, About Taste. Accessed on December 27, 2009.
  64. ^ ":: Cincinnati, A City of Immigrants ::". Cincinnati-cityofimmigrants.com. http://www.cincinnati-cityofimmigrants.com/cci/german.htm. Retrieved July 10, 2013. 
  65. ^ Hetzer, Laura. "Cincinnati: Our German History". Yahoo!. http://voices.yahoo.com/cincinnati-our-german-history-327345.html. 
  66. ^ "German restaurants to know for Oktoberfest season". Cincinnati.com. September 18, 2014. http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/dining/2014/09/18/german-restaurants-know-oktoberfest-season/15860715/. 
  67. ^ "Oktoberfest Zinzinnati: Hey, Fonzie: Welcome to town!". Cincinnati.com. September 16, 2014. http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2014/09/16/hey-fonzie-welcome-zinzinnati/15718493/. 
  68. ^ [1], Cincy USA website
  69. ^ a b Wondrich, David (June 2013). "The Best Bars in America". Esquire. http://www.esquire.com/food-drink/bars/g1500/best-bars-in-america-2013/?slide=15. Retrieved January 13, 2016. 
  70. ^ "Arnold's Website Awards Section". Arnold's. http://arnoldsbarandgrill.com/awards.htm. 
  71. ^ Weldon, Casey (May 27, 2013). "Downtown fixture Arnold's Bar and Grill voted among '16 Best Bars in America' by Esquire Magazine". WCPO. http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/downtown-fixture-arnolds-bar-and-grill-voted-among-16-best-bars-in-america-by-esquire-magazine. Retrieved January 13, 2016. 
  72. ^ Breslour, Lee (April 8, 2015). "THE MOST ICONIC BAR IN EVERY STATE (AND DC)". Thrillist. https://www.thrillist.com/drink/nation/the-most-iconic-bar-in-every-state. Retrieved January 13, 2016. 
  73. ^ Steigerwald, Shauna (April 23, 2015). "THE 150 BEST BARS IN AMERICA". The Daily Meal. http://www.cincinnati.com/story/entertainment/2015/04/23/daily-meal-puts-arnolds-best-bars-america/26248217/. Retrieved April 29, 2016. 
  74. ^ Pandolfi, Keith (February 29, 2016). "Serious Eats's The Cincinnati 10". Serious Eats. http://www.seriouseats.com/where-to-eat-in-cincinnati. Retrieved April 29, 2016. 
  75. ^ Pandolfi, Keith (November 17, 2014). "David Wondrich on Dive Bars, Booze, and 'Opinionated' Bostonians". Boston Magazine. http://www.bostonmagazine.com/restaurants/blog/2014/11/17/cocktail-guru-david-wondrich-talks-boston-booze-dive-bars/. Retrieved April 29, 2016. 
  76. ^ Stern, Jane and Michael (2009). 500 Things to Eat Before it's Too Late:and the Very Best Places to Eat Them. pp. 244. 
  77. ^ Coleman, Brent (August 27, 2015). "How Skyline Chili became a Cincinnati icon". WCPO-TV. http://www.wcpo.com/news/insider/how-skyline-chili-became-a-cincinnati-icon. Retrieved August 29, 2015. 
  78. ^ Woellert, Dann (2013). The Authentic History of Cincinnati Chili. The History Press. ISBN 978-1-60949-992-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=B6mh0iOdtWYC&pg=PA10. 
  79. ^ MSN, Food Capitals of America. Accessed on July 23, 2009.
  80. ^ Smith, Steve (2007). "Are You Ready For Cincinnati?". Cincinnati USA City Guide. Cincinnati Magazine. p. 144. https://books.google.com/books?id=Sh4DAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA79&dq=downtown%20cincinnati&pg=PA144#v=onepage&q=downtown%20cincinnati&f=false. Retrieved 2013-05-06. 
  81. ^ Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006). The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, Phonology, and Sound Change. 1. Walter de Gruyter. p. 276. ISBN 3110167468. //books.google.com/books?id=qa4-dFqi6iMC&pg=PA136. 
  82. ^ Labov, William (July 5, 2011). Principles of Linguistic Change: Cognitive and Cultural Factors. New York City: John Wiley & Sons. 15.6.3. ISBN 144435146X. //books.google.com/books?id=uwMTUk4g2IoC&pg=PT371. 
  83. ^ (June 2000) "Short-a in Cincinnati: A Change in Progress". Journal of English Linguistics 28: 108–126. DOI:10.1177/00754240022004929. 
  84. ^ Ash, Sharon (January 1, 2006). "The North American Midland as a dialect area". Language Variation and Change in the American Midland: A New Look at 'Heartland' English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 55. ISBN 90-272-4896-6. //books.google.com/books?id=WxTrasumR18C&pg=PA294. 
  85. ^ "UC Idioms and Jargon". University of Cincinnati. http://www.uc.edu/ucomm/resources/stylebook/idioms_jargon.html. Retrieved February 13, 2014. 
  86. ^ Vaccariello, Linda (January 21, 2014). "How To: Speak Cincinnatiese". Retrieved on December 19, 2014. 
  87. ^ 1866 to 1875 Archived February 17, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  88. ^ 1876 to 1881 Archived April 20, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  89. ^ 1882 to 1889 Archived April 19, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  90. ^ "Today, dads let kids skip school". Sarasota Herald-Tribune (Sarasota, Florida): p. 5C. April 3, 2000. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1755&dat=20000403&id=LyAiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=u34EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6569,5394898. Retrieved May 30, 2010. "'We'd skip school,' [Ken Griffey] Junior said Sunday, when asked for his favorite opening day memory. 'My son's skipping school on opening day. It's a tradition. Cincinnati expects that a lot of kids are not going to be there.'" 
  91. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/soccer-insider/wp/2016/04/18/monday-kickaround-andy-najar-acl-injury-mls-refs-nwsl-and-usl-crowds/
  92. ^ Douglas J. Amy, "A Brief History of Proportional Representation in the United States", revised version of "The Forgotten History of the Single Transferable Vote in the United States," in Representation 34, number 1 (Winter 1996/7), accessed March 30, 2015
  93. ^ Kathleen L. Barber, PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION AND ELECTION REFORM IN OHIO (excerpt), Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1995, pp. Introduction
  94. ^ City of Cincinnati website, http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/council/council-members/
  95. ^ "Home – Fire". http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/. Retrieved September 25, 2014. 
  96. ^ "About The Cincinnati Fire Department – Fire". http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/. Retrieved September 25, 2014. 
  97. ^ a b "Operations Bureau - Fire". cincinnati-oh.gov. http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/operations-bureau/. 
  98. ^ "Cincinnati Fire Department History and Photos". http://www.cfdhistory.com/index.php. Retrieved September 25, 2014. 
  99. ^ "Personnel & Training – Fire". http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/personnel-training/. Retrieved September 25, 2014. 
  100. ^ "Administrative Services Bureau – Fire". http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/administrative-services/. Retrieved September 25, 2014. 
  101. ^ "Fire Prevention Bureau – Fire". http://www.cincinnati-oh.gov/fire/about-fire/fire-prevention/. Retrieved September 25, 2014. 
  102. ^ "Crime Rate Dropping Slightly Murders, Rapes Up, Says New FBI Study". http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72823886.html. 
  103. ^ Semuels, Alana (May 29, 2015). "How to Fix a Broken Police Department". Route Fifty (Atlantic Media). http://www.routefifty.com/2015/05/fix-broken-police-department/114028/. 
  104. ^ http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2016/01/04/cincy-shootings-up-nearly-28-percent-2015/78262914/
  105. ^ "Ohio school district rankings". The Columbus Dispatch. http://www.dispatch.com/content/pages/data/school-education/school-rankings/school-district-rankings.html. 
  106. ^ "Clark Montessori". Clark.cps-k12.org. http://clark.cps-k12.org/. Retrieved October 1, 2013. 
  107. ^ "Tristaters put stock in private school". Enquirer.com. October 20, 2002. http://www.enquirer.com/editions/2002/10/20/loc_privschool20coming.html. Retrieved October 1, 2013. 
  108. ^ "Best Private High Schools", Cincinnati Magazine Archived April 8, 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  109. ^ Katherine L Sontag. "No Girls Allowed". Cincinnati Magazine (Aug 2007). https://books.google.com/books?id=lPj0H3b5JQgC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=%22NO+girls+allowed%22+Cincinnati+Magazine+Aug+2007&source=bl&ots=o-9wdvKFqK&sig=vyNi8KEW_yMZzFwPrAHlSaQfA_I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAWoVChMIlbKzvoukxgIVixCSCh1J-QMX#v=onepage&q=%22NO%20girls%20allowed%22%20Cincinnati%20Magazine%20Aug%202007&f=false. "The all-male prep schools in the share similar traits-- faith-based service opportunities, strong sports programs, tradition, and lots of testosterone...Covington Catholic High School...Elder High School... La Salle High School... Archbishop Moeller High School...Stephen T Badin High School... St Xavier High School" 
  110. ^ Aiesha D Little. "A League of Their Own". Cincinnati Magazine (Aug 2007). https://books.google.com/books?id=lPj0H3b5JQgC&pg=PA112&dq=%22%22A+League+of+Their+Own:+Girls%27+Schools%22+cincinnati&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAGoVChMImISu7cikxgIVSRSSCh1bVQ1i#v=onepage&q=%22%22A%20League%20of%20Their%20Own%3A%20Girls'%20Schools%22%20cincinnati&f=false. "...girls get the extra leadership and academic push they need to get on to the path to success in college and in life... Mother of Mercy High School... Mt Notre Dame High School... Notre Dame Academy... St Ursula Academy... McAuley High School... Ursuline Academy of Cincinnati..." 
  111. ^ http://www.rabbihorowitz.com/PYes/SchoolDetails.cfm?School_ID=649
  112. ^ http://www.ylcincinnati.com/sites/default/files/doc/YLCBrochure.pdf
  113. ^ "Jewish Federation of Cincinnati, Community Directory". Jewishcincinnati.com. http://www.jewishcincinnati.com/ir_listing.html?ID=33307. Retrieved October 1, 2013. 
  114. ^ Kate Lorenz CareerBuilder.com editor (May 13, 2009). "Top 10 cities for new grads". Cnn.com. http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/worklife/05/13/cb.top10.cities.grads/index.html. Retrieved October 1, 2013. 
  115. ^ "Nation's Largest Libraries". LibrarySpot. http://www.libraryspot.com/lists/listlargestlibs.htm. Retrieved October 21, 2007. 
  116. ^ "City Beat". City Beat. http://citybeat.com/. Retrieved October 1, 2013. 
  117. ^ "Shot Here". Greater Cincinnati & Northern Kentucky Film Commission. http://www.filmcincinnati.com/Shot_Here/. Retrieved February 13, 2014. 
  118. ^ The Mighty at the Internet Movie Database
  119. ^ "Wild About Moves". http://www.wildaboutmovies.com/movies/WildHogsMovieTrailerPosterJohnTravoltaTimAllen.php. Retrieved October 21, 2007. 
  120. ^ Campbell, Polly. "Cincinnati will get more airtime on 'Harry's Law'". The Cincinnati Enquirer. http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20110718/ENT11/107190316/Arnold-s-gets-starring-role-TV-show. Retrieved July 18, 2011. 
  121. ^ Virginia Watson-Rouslin (February 1978). "Channel 48: A Muttering Voice in the T.V. Wilderness". Retrieved on November 17, 2009. 
  122. ^ "The Laurel and Hardy Appreciation Society of Cincinnati, Ohio". http://www.thechimptent.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011. 
  123. ^ http://www.thecincinnatisubway.com
  124. ^ http://www.cincinnati-transit.net/subway.html
  125. ^ http://www.go-metro.com/rtc
  126. ^ http://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/i-team/i-team-48-million-transit-station-sits-empty
  127. ^ http://www.thetransportpolitic.com/2009/07/07/cincinnatis-riverfront-transit-center-attracts-criticism/
  128. ^ http://www.wlwt.com/news/supplier-issues-may-delay-cincinnati-streetcar-delivery/34525774
  129. ^ http://citybeat.com/cincinnati/article-28129-top_10_misrepresentations_of_the_cincinnati_streetcar_project.html
  130. ^ "Domestic Hubs". Delta.com. Delta Air Lines. 2015. http://news.delta.com/index.php?s=20309&cat=3191. Retrieved January 25, 2015. 
  131. ^ Wetterich, Chris (June 13, 2013). "DHL opens super-hub at CVG". Cincinnati Business Courier. http://www.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/news/2013/06/13/dhl-opens-super-hub-at-cvg.html. Retrieved January 25, 2015. 
  132. ^ "Sister Cities- Sistah Sistah". Cincinnati Sister City Association. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203503/http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/#!sister-cities/c33g. Retrieved June 13, 2015. 
  133. ^ "Cincinnati, Ohio". Sister Cities International. Archived from the original on June 12, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150612221544/http://sistercities.org/interactive-map/Cincinnati,%20Ohio. Retrieved June 11, 2015. 
  134. ^ Cincinnati, meet your sister Cincinnati Enquirer.
  135. ^ "Green signal for Mysore-Cincinnati pact". The Times Of India. August 4, 2012. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/Green-signal-for-Mysore-Cincinnati-pact/articleshow/15346778.cms. 
  136. ^ "Amman and Cincinnati become Sisters on Jun 12th". Cincinnati Sister Cities. June 12, 2015. http://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/#!news/c1212. 

Further reading[]

External links[]

Wiktionary-logo-en Definitions from Wiktionary
Wikibooks-logo Textbooks from Wikibooks
Wikiquote-logo Quotations from Wikiquote
Wikisource-logo Source texts from Wikisource
Commons-logo Images and media from Commons
Wikinews-logo News stories from Wikinews
Wikiversity-logo-Snorky Learning resources from Wikiversity

Template:Cincinnati

Template:Colleges and Universities in Greater Cincinnati

Template:Ohio cities and mayors of 100,000 population


This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Cincinnati. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
Advertisement