- 1272-1307: Edward I, King of England
- Lord of Ireland
- Duke of Guyenne
- AKA: Edward Longshanks
Edward I Plantagenet of England, King of England, was born 17 June 1239 in Palace of Westminster, London, England, United Kingdom to Henry III of England (1207-1272) and Éléonore de Provence (1223-1291) and died 7 July 1307 Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England, United Kingdom of unspecified causes. He married Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290) October 1254 JL in Burgos, Spain. He married Marguerite Capet (1282-1317) September 1299 JL in Canterbury Cathedral, Canterbury, Kent, England, United Kingdom.
Biography
Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was a monarch who ruled over England from 1272 until his death in 1307. He was born on June 17, 1239, in Westminster, London, and was the eldest son of King Henry III of England and his queen, Eleanor of Provence.
During his reign, Edward I worked to strengthen the power of the English monarchy and establish English dominance over Wales and Scotland. He was known for his military campaigns, his legal reforms, and his efforts to increase the power of Parliament.
One of Edward I's most notable accomplishments was his conquest of Wales. He launched a series of campaigns against the Welsh princes, ultimately defeating them in 1282 and establishing English rule over the country. He then set about building a series of castles and fortifications in Wales to help maintain control.
In addition to his efforts in Wales, Edward I also attempted to conquer Scotland. He launched a series of military campaigns against the Scots, including the famous Battle of Stirling Bridge in 1297, which he won. However, his attempts to conquer Scotland were ultimately unsuccessful, and the country remained independent.
Edward I was also known for his legal reforms. He created the Court of Common Pleas and the Court of King's Bench, which helped to establish a more centralized legal system in England. He also issued a series of laws known as the Statutes of Westminster, which helped to codify English law and establish legal protections for English citizens.
Throughout his reign, Edward I worked to increase the power of Parliament. He called several meetings of the Parliament, which helped to establish it as a more powerful institution. He also worked to increase the representation of the common people in Parliament, giving more power to the House of Commons.
Edward I died on July 7, 1307, in Burgh by Sands, Cumberland, England. He was succeeded by his son, Edward II of England (1284-1327). Despite his failures in Scotland, Edward I is remembered as one of England's most influential monarchs.
Childhood
Early fourteenth-century manuscript initial showing Edward and his first wife Eleanor of Castile. The artist has perhaps tried to depict Edward's blepharoptosis (drooping eyelid), a trait he inherited from his father.[1]
Born at the Palace of Westminster on the night of 17–18 June 1239, [2][3] his birth was widely celebrated at the royal court and throughout England, and he was baptised three days later at Westminster Abbey.[3][4] Given an Anglo-Saxon name which was not commonly given among the aristocracy of England after the Norman conquest, but his father Henry was devoted to the veneration of Edward the Confessor and wanted to name his firstborn son after the saint.[5] Edward's
He was commonly referred to as the Lord Edward until his accession to the throne in 1272.[6] Among his childhood friends was his cousin Henry of Almain, son of King Henry's brother Richard of Cornwall.[7] Henry of Almain remained a close companion of the prince for the rest of his life.[8] Edward was placed in the care of Hugh Giffard – father of the future Chancellor Godfrey Giffard – until Bartholomew Pecche took over at Giffard's death in 1246.[3][9] Edward received an education typical of an aristocratic boy his age, including in military studies,[10] although the details of his upbringing are unknown.[11]
"Longshanks"
There were concerns about Edward's health as a child, and he fell ill in 1246, 1247, and 1251.[7] Nonetheless, he grew up to become a strong, athletic, and imposing man.[3] At 6 ft 2 in (188 cm) he towered over most of his contemporaries,[12][13] hence his epithet "Longshanks", meaning "long legs" or "long shins". The historian Michael Prestwich states that his "long arms gave him an advantage as a swordsman, long thighs one as a horseman. In youth, his curly hair was blond; in maturity it darkened, and in old age it turned white. The regularity of his features was marred by a drooping left eyelid... His speech, despite a lisp, was said to be persuasive."[14]
1st Marriage: Eleanor of Castile
In 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English-held province of Gascony induced King Henry to arrange a politically expedient marriage between fifteen-year-old Edward and thirteen-year-old Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290), the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile.[15] They were married on 1 November 1254 in the Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas in Castile.[16]
The marriage eventually led to the English acquisition of Ponthieu in 1279 upon Eleanor's inheritance of the county.[17] Henry made sizeable endowments to Edward in 1254, including Gascony;[3] most of Ireland, which was granted to Edward with the stipulation that it would never be separated from the English crown;[18] and much land in Wales and England,[19] including the Earldom of Chester. They offered Edward little independence for Henry retained much control over the land in question, particularly in Ireland, and benefited from most of the income from those lands.[20] Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester had been appointed as royal lieutenant of Gascony the year before and drew its income, so in practice Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from this province.[21]
Around the end of November, Edward and Eleanor left Castile and entered Gascony, where they were warmly received by the populace. Here, Edward styled himself as "ruling Gascony as prince and lord", a move that the historian J. S. Hamilton states was a show of his blooming political independence.
Eleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290.[22] The couple loved each other, and like his father, Edward was very devoted to his wife and was faithful to her throughout their marriage.[23] He was deeply affected by her death,[24] and displayed his grief by erecting twelve so-called Eleanor crosses,[25] one at each place where her funeral cortège stopped for the night.[26]
Stone sculptures of Edward (left) and Eleanor (right) at Lincoln Cathedral
By his first wife Eleanor of Castile, Edward had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen. Of these, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one son outlived his father, becoming King Edward II (1307–1327).[23] Edward's children with Eleanor were:[27]
- Katherine of England (1271-1271)[28]
- Joan of England (1265-1265)[28]
- John of England (1266-1271)[28]
- Henry of England (c1267-1274)[28] but he died of a fever at the age of 7.
- Eleanor of England (1269-1298), [28] Edward and Eleanor's eldest surviving daughter was named after her mother. She was married to Henry III, Count of Bar, in 1293 and died in childbirth in 1297.
- Alice of England (1271-1271)[28]
- Joan of Acre (1272-1307)[28]
- Alfonso, Earl of Chester (1273-1284)[28], named after his mother's father, King Alfonso X of Castile. He was considered to be a promising heir to the throne, but he died of dysentery at the age of 10.
- Margaret Plantagenet (1275-1318)[28] she was married to John II, Duke of Brabant, in 1290.
- Berengaria of England (1276-1278)[28]
- Isabella of England (1279-1279)[28]
- Mary of England (1278-1332)[28]
- Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (1282-1316)[28]
- Edward II of England (1284-1327), successor King of England[28] He is perhaps best known for his relationship with Piers Gaveston, which caused considerable controversy during his reign.
2nd Marriage
As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry Philip IV's half-sister Marguerite Capet (1282-1317) who was part of the Capetian dynasty, but the marriage was delayed by the outbreak of war.[29] Edward made alliances with the German king, the counts of Flanders and Guelders, and the Burgundians, who would attack France from the north.[30] The alliances proved volatile and Edward was facing trouble at home at the time, both in Wales and Scotland.
It was not until August 1297 that he was finally able to sail for Flanders, at which time his allies there had already suffered defeat.[31] The support from Germany never materialised, and Edward was forced to seek peace. His marriage to Margaret in 1299 ended the war, but the whole affair had proven both costly and fruitless for the English.[32][33][lower-alpha 1] French possession of Gascony would not end until 1303, at which point it was partially returned to the English crown.[34]
By Margaret of France, Edward had two sons, both of whom lived to adulthood, and a daughter who died as a child. His progeny by Margaret of France were:[35]
- Thomas of Brotherton (1300-1338)[36]
- Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (1301-1330)[37]
- Eleanor of England (1306-1311)[38]
Other Relationships
A genealogy in the Hailes Abbey chronicle indicates that John Botetourt may have been Edward's illegitimate son, but the claim is unsubstantiated.[35][39]
Children
| Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
| Thomas of Brotherton (1300-1338) | 1 June 1300 | 4 August 1338 | Alice De Hales (1302-Bef 1330) Mary Braose |
| Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (1301-1330) | 5 August 1301 | 19 March 1330 | Margaret Wake, 3rd Baroness Wake of Liddell (c1299-1349) |
| Eleanor of England (1306-1311) | 4 May 1306 Winchester, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom | 1310 Amesbury Abbey, Amesbury, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom | |
Siblings
See Also
- wikipedia:en:Edward I of England
- Edward I of England at thePeerage
- Edward I "Longshanks", King of England - Geni.com
- Edward I of England at Find A Grave
- English Kings 1066-1603 - Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
- Barrow, G. W. S. (Geoffrey Wallis Steuart) (1965). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. OCLC 655056131.
- Brand, Paul (2003). Kings, Barons and Justices: The Making and Enforcement of Legislation in Thirteenth-Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37246-1.
- Brears, Peter (2010). "Food Supply and Preparation at the Edwardian Castles". In Williams, Diane. The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 85–98. ISBN 978-1-84217-380-0.
- Brown, A. L. (Alfred Lawson) (1989). The Governance of Late Medieval England 1272–1461. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-804-71730-3.
- Burt, Caroline (2013). Edward I and the Governance of England, 1272–1307. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-88999-5.
- Carpenter, David (2007). "King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor: the origins of the cult". English Historical Review cxxii (498): 865–891. DOI:10.1093/ehr/cem214.
- Carpenter, David (1985). "The Lord Edward's oath to aid and counsel Simon de Montfort, 15 October 1259". Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 58 (138): 226–237. DOI:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1985.tb01170.x.
- Cathcart King, David James (1988). The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History. London: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-918-40008-2.
- Cazel, Fred A. (1991). "Edward I, by Michael Prestwich". Speculum 66: 225–227. DOI:10.2307/2864011.
- Chancellor, John (1981). The Life and Times of Edward I. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77840-4.
- Coldstream, Nicola (2010). "James of St George". In Williams, Diane. The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 37–45. ISBN 978-1-842-17380-0.
- Cornell, David (2009). Bannockburn: The Triumph of Robert the Bruce. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14568-7. OCLC 256769491. https://archive.org/details/bannockburntrium0000corn/mode/.
- Davies, R. R. (2000). The Age of Conquest: Wales, 1063–1415. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-198-20878-2.
- Denton, J. H. (1989). "Edward I by Michael Prestwich". English Historical Review 104: 981–984. DOI:10.1093/ehr/CIV.413.981.
- Duffy, Mark (2003). Royal Tombs of Medieval England. Stroud: Tempus. ISBN 978-0-7524-2579-5.
- Friar, Stephen (2003). The Sutton Companion to Castles. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 978-0-750-93994-2.
- (2008) "Hard on Wales".
- Gorski (2009). "Botetourt, John, first Lord Botetourt (d. 1324)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Haines, Roy Martin (2003). King Edward II: His Life, his Reign and its Aftermath, 1284–1330. Montreal, Canada and Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-773-53157-4.
- Hamilton, J.S. (2010). The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty. Continuum. ISBN 978-1-441-15712-6.
- Harding, V. (2002). The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81126-2.
- Harriss, G. L. (Gerald Leslie) (1975). King, Parliament and Public Finance in Medieval England to 1369. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-198-22435-4.
- Goldsmith, Jeremy (2009). "A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain". University of London. ISSN 1749-8155. http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/718.
- Jenks, Edward (1902). Edward Plantagenet: The English Justinian or the Making of Common Law. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-836-95070-4.
- Jobson, Adrian (2012). The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War. London, UK: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-847-25226-5.
- Krieger, Larry; Neill, Kenneth; Jantzen, Steven (1992), World History: Perspectives on the Past, D.C. Health and Company, ISBN 0-669-25598-X.
- Lilley, Keith D. (2010). "The Landscapes of Edward's New Towns: Their Planning and Design". In Williams, Diane. The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 99–113. ISBN 978-1-842-17380-0.
- Lloyd, Simon (1986). "Gilbert de Clare, Richard of Cornwall and the Lord Edward's Crusade". Nottingham Medieval Studies 30: 46–66. DOI:10.1484/J.NMS.3.133.
- Loomis, Roger Sherman (1953). "Edward I, Arthurian Enthusiast". Speculum 28: 114–127. DOI:10.2307/2847184.
- Maddicott, John (1983). "The Mise of Lewes, 1264". English Historical Review 98: 588–603. DOI:10.1093/ehr/xcviii.ccclxxxviii.588.
- McFarlane, K. B. (1981). The Nobility of Later Medieval England. London: Hambledon. ISBN 0-950-68825-8.
- Morris, Marc (2009). A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain. London: Windmill Books. ISBN 978-0-09-948175-1.
- Parsons (2008). "Margaret (1279?–1318)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Parsons, John Carmi (1984). "The Year of Eleanor of Castile's Birth and her Children by Edward I". Medieval Studies XLVI: 245–265. DOI:10.1484/J.MS.2.306316.
- Phillips, Seymour (2011). Edward II. New Haven, US and London, UK: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17802-9.
- Plucknett, Theodore Frank Thomas (1949). Legislation of Edward I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 983476.
- Powicke, F. M. (Frederick Maurice) (1947). King Henry III and the Lord Edward: The Community of the Realm in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 1044503.
- Prestwich, Michael (1972). War, Politics and Finance under Edward I. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-09042-7.
- Prestwich, Michael (2008). "Edward I (1239–1307)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8517. ISBN 978-019-861412-8. http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-8517. Retrieved 28 February 2019. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Raban, Sandra (2000). England Under Edward I and Edward II, 1259–1327. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-22320-7.
- Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2005). The Crusades: A History. London: Continuum. ISBN 0-826-47269-9.
- Rodwell, Warwick (2013). The Coronation Chair and Stone of Scone: History, Archaeology and Conservation. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781782971528. https://archive.org/details/coronationchairs0000rodw/mode/2up?q=700.
- Runciman, Steven (1958). The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60474-2. https://archive.org/details/sicilianvesperst00runc.
- Sadler, John (2008). The Second Barons' War: Simon de Montfort and the Battles of Lewes and Evesham. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-844-15831-7.
- Salzman, Louis Francis (1968). Edward I. London: Constable. ISBN 0-486-12766-4.
- Spencer, Andrew (2014). Nobility and Kingship in Medieval England: The Earls and Edward I, 1272–1307. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02675-9.
- Stubbs, William (1880). The Constitutional History of England. 2. Oxford: Clarendon.
- Sutherland, Donald (1963). Quo Warranto Proceedings in the Reign of Edward I, 1278–1294. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 408401.
- Templeman, G. (1950). "Edward I and the Historians". Cambridge Historical Journal 10: 16–35. DOI:10.1017/S1474691300002663.
- Tout, Thomas Frederick (1920). Chapters in the Administrative History of Mediaeval England: The Wardrobe, the Chamber and the Small Seals. 2. Manchester: Manchester University Press. OCLC 832154714.
- Watson, Fiona J. (1998). Under the Hammer: Edward I and the Throne of Scotland, 1286–1307. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN 1-862-32031-4.
- Waugh (2004a). "Edmund, first earl of Kent (1301–1330)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Waugh (2004b). "Thomas, 1st Earl of Norfolk (1300–1338)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
- Wheatley, Abigail (2010). "Caernarfon Castle and its Mythology". In Williams, Diane. The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 129–139. ISBN 978-1-842-17380-0.
Contemporary References
There are several contemporary references that provide insights into the life of King Edward I of England. Some of the most notable include:
- The Chronicles of Edward I: There are several contemporary chronicles that cover the reign of Edward I, including these:
- "Annales Londonienses,"
- "Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough,"
- "Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester."
- The Statutes of Westminster: As mentioned earlier, Edward I issued a series of laws known as the Statutes of Westminster, which helped to codify English law and establish legal protections for English citizens. These laws provide insight into Edward's legal reforms and his efforts to centralize the legal system in England.
- The Architecture of Edward I: Edward I was known for his ambitious building projects, particularly the construction of castles and fortifications in Wales. The surviving castles and fortifications provide a tangible reminder of Edward's reign and offer insights into his military strategy and tactics.
- Contemporary Art and Literature: Edward I was a patron of the arts and literature, and several contemporary works offer insights into his personality and character. For example, the "Chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft" includes a description of Edward as a "noble king" who was "strong in his will and resolute in his purpose."
Ancestry Trees
External links
References
- ^ Morris 2009, p. 22.
- ^ Morris 2009, p. 2.
- ^ a b c d e Hamilton 2010, p. 51 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Hamilton51" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Hamilton51" defined multiple times with different content - ^ Jenks 1902, p. 74.
- ^ Morris 2009, pp. 3-4.
- ^ Burt 2013, p. 75; Carpenter 1985; Lloyd 1986; Powicke 1947.
- ^ a b Prestwich 1997, p. 6.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, pp. 27, 46, 69.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, pp. 5–6.
- ^ Hamilton 2010, p. 51.
- ^ Chancellor 1981, p. 27.
- ^ Hamilton 2010, p. 58.
- ^ Carpenter 2004, p. 467.
- ^ Prestwich 2008; Chancellor 1981, p. 92.
- ^ Morris 2009, pp. 14–18; Chancellor 1981, p. 202.
- ^ Morris 2009, p. 20.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 316.
- ^ Carpenter 2004, p. 362.
- ^ Prestwich 2005, pp. 34-35.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, pp. 11–14.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Morris 2009, p. 229.
- ^ a b Hamilton 2010, p. 62.
- ^ Chancellor 1981, pp. 203-204.
- ^ Raban 2000, p. 40.
- ^ Morris 2009, pp. 230–231.
- ^ Parsons 1984, pp. 245-265
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Prestwich 1997, p. 126.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, pp. 395–396.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, pp. 387–390.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 392.
- ^ a b Prestwich 1972, p. 172.
- ^ Hamilton 2010, p. 92.
- ^ Prestwich 1997, p. 553.
- ^ a b Prestwich 1997, p. 131.
- ^ Waugh 2004b
- ^ Waugh 2004a.
- ^ Parsons 2008
- ^ Gorski 2009
Edward I of England (1239-1307) Born: 17 June 1239 Died: 7 July 1307
| ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Henry III |
King of England Lord of Ireland 1272–1307 |
Succeeded by Edward II |
| Duke of Aquitaine Duke of Gascony 1254–1306 | ||
| Preceded by Joan |
Count of Ponthieu 1279–1290 with Eleanor | |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Matthew de Hastings |
Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1265–1266 |
Succeeded by Sir Matthew de Bezille |
Footnotes (including sources)
| ‡ General |
|
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