Saint George fighting a dragon
Folklore (or lore) consists of legends, music, oral history, proverbs, jokes, popular beliefs, fairy tales, stories, tall tales, and customs included in the traditions of a culture, subculture, or group. It also includes the set of practices through which those expressive genres are shared. The study of folklore is sometimes called folkloristics, and people who study folklore are sometimes referred to as "folklorists". The English antiquarian William Thoms introduced the word "folklore" in a letter published in the London journal The Athenaeum in 1846.[1] In usage, there is a continuum between folklore and mythology. Stith Thompson (1885-1976) made a major attempt to index the motifs of both folklore and mythology, providing an outline for classifying new motifs, and within which scholars can keep track of all older motifs Folklore can be divided into four areas of study:
- artifacts (such as voodoo dolls)
- describable and transmissible entity (oral tradition)
- culture
- behavior (rituals)
These areas do not stand alone, however, as often a particular item or element may fit into more than one of these areas.[2]
Oral tradition[]
- For more details on this topic, see Oral tradition.
While folklore can contain religious or mythic elements, it equally concerns itself with the sometimes mundane traditions of everyday life. Folklore frequently ties the practical and the esoteric into one narrative package. It has often been conflated with mythology, and vice versa. Roman religion is called "myth" today.
Sometimes "folklore" is religious in nature, like the tales of the Welsh Mabinogion or those found in Icelandic skaldic poetry. Many of the tales in the Golden Legend of Jacob de Voragine also embody folklore elements in a Christian context. Examples of such Christian mythology are the themes woven around Saint George or Saint Christopher. In this case, the term "folklore" is being used in a pejorative sense.
"Folktales" is a general term for different varieties of traditional narrative. The telling of stories appears to be a cultural universal, common to basic and complex societies alike. Even the forms folktales take are certainly similar from culture to culture, and comparative studies of themes and narrative ways have been successful in showing these relationships. Also it is considered to be an oral tale to be told for everybody.
Hansel and Gretel is a fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm in 1812. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera Hänsel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck and a stop-motion animated feature film based on the opera. Artwork by Arthur Rackham, 1909
On the other hand, folklore can be used to accurately describe a figurative narrative, which has no sacred or religious content. In the Jungian view, which is but one method of analysis, it may instead pertain to unconscious psychological patterns, instincts or archetypes of the mind. This may or may not have components of the fantastic (such as magic, ethereal beings or the personification of inanimate objects). These folktales may or may not emerge from a religious tradition, but nevertheless speak to deep psychological issues. The familiar folktale, "Hansel and Gretel", is an example of this fine line. The manifest purpose of the tale may primarily be one of mundane instruction regarding forest safety or secondarily a cautionary tale about the dangers of famine to large families, but its latent meaning may evoke a strong emotional response due to the widely understood themes and motifs such as "The Terrible Mother", "Death", and "Atonement with the Father".
There can be both a moral and psychological scope to the work, as well as entertainment value, depending upon the nature of the teller, the style of the telling, the ages of the audience members, and the overall context of the performance. Folklorists generally resist universal interpretations of narratives and, wherever possible, analyze oral versions of tellings in specific contexts, rather than print sources, which often show the work or bias of the writer or editor.
Contemporary narratives common in the Western world include the urban legend. There are many forms of folklore that are so common, however, that most people do not realize they are folklore, such as riddles, children's rhymes and ghost stories, rumors (including conspiracy theories), gossip, ethnic stereotypes, and holiday customs and life-cycle rituals. UFO abduction narratives can be seen, in some sense, to refigure the tales of pre-Christian Europe. Adrienne Mayor, in introducing a bibliography on the topic, noted that most modern folklorists are largely unaware of classical parallels and precedents, in materials that are only partly represented by the familiar designation Aesopica: "Ancient Greek and Roman literature contains rich troves of folklore and popular beliefs, many of which have counterparts in modern contemporary legends" (Such as Mayor, 2000).
Vladimir Propp's classic study Morphology of the Folktale (1928) became the basis of research into the structure of folklore texts. Propp discovered a uniform structure in Russian fairy tales. His book has been translated into English, Italian, Polish and other languages. The English translation was issued in USA in 1958, some 30 years after the publication of the original. It was met by approving reviews and significantly influenced later research on folklore and, more generally, structural semantics. Though his work was based on syntagmatic structure, it gave the scope to understand the structure of folktales, of which he discovered thirty one functions.[3] Derrida's concept of archewriting does not obey the distinction between writing and speaking.[4]
Cultural[]
Folklorist William Bascom states that folklore has many cultural aspects, such as allowing for escape from societal consequences. In addition, folklore can also serve to validate a culture (romantic nationalism), as well as transmit a culture's morals and values. Folklore can also be the root of many cultural types of music. Country, blues, and bluegrass all originate from American folklore. Examples of artists which have used folkloric themes in their music would be: Bill Monroe, Flatt and Scruggs, Old Crow Medicine Show, Jim Croce, and many others. Folklore can also be used to assert social pressures, or relieve them, for example in the case of humor and carnival.
In addition, folklorists study medical, supernatural, religious, and political belief systems as an essential, often unspoken, part of expressive culture.
Rituals[]
Many rituals can sometimes be considered folklore, whether formalized in a cultural or religious system (e.g., weddings, baptisms, harvest festivals) or practiced within a family or secular context. For example, in certain parts of the United States (as well as other countries) one places a knife, or a pair of scissors, under the mattress to "cut the birth pains" after giving birth. Additionally, children's counting-out games can be defined as behavioral folklore.[5]
Categories of folklore[]
Genres[]
- Archetypes, stereotypes and stock characters.
- Ballad
- Blason Populaire
- Childlore
- Children's street culture
- Counting rhymes
- Costumbrismo
- Craft
- Foodways
- Custom
- Epic poetry
- Factoids
- Festival
- Folk art
- Folk belief
- Folk magic
- Folk medicine
- Folk narrative
- Folk play
- Folk poetry and rhyme
- Folk song
- Games
- Holiday lore and customs
- Idiom
- Mythology
- Riddle
- Saying
- Superstition
- Taunts
- Weather lore
- Xerox lore
Folk narratives[]
- Anecdote
- Fable
- Fairy tale
- Ghost story
- Joke
- Legend
- Maxim (saying)
- Myth
- Parable
- Proverb
- Tall tale
- Urban legend
National or ethnic[]
- Americas
- Brazilian folklore
- Canadian folklore
- Quebec folklore
- Folklore of the United States
- Latin American folklore
- Caribbean folklore
- Colombian folklore
- Asia
- Chinese folklore
- Japanese folklore
- Indian folklore
- Folklore of Indonesia
- Korean folklore
- Maldivian folklore
- Nepali Folklore
- Pakistani folklore
- Philippine folklore
- Australian folklore
- European folklore
- Alpine (Austrian and Swiss) folklore
- Czech folklore
- English folklore
- Estonian folklore
- Dutch folklore
- Finnish folklore
- French folklore
- German folklore
- Hungarian folklore
- Irish folklore
- Italian folklore
- Lithuanian folklore
- Maltese folklore
- Montenegrin folklore
- Romanian folklore
- Scandinavian folklore
- Scottish folklore
- Slavic folklore
- Polish folklore
- Russian folklore
- Ukrainian folklore
- Spanish Folklore
- Swiss folklore
- Welsh folklore
- Near Eastern
- Aggadah
- Arab folklore
- Iranian folklore
- Jewish folklore
- Somali folklore
- Turkish folklore
See also[]
- Applied folklore
- Appropriation (music)
- Folk
- Folklife
- Folkloristics
- Intangible Cultural Heritage
- Mythology
- Traditional knowledge
References[]
- ^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, "Folkloristics: An Introduction," Indiana University Press, 1995.
- ^ Georges, Robert A., Michael Owens Jones, Folkloristics: An Introduction, p. 313, Indiana University Press, 1995.
- ^ L. V. Propp, Morphology of the Folktale, Second Edition, revised and edited with a Preface of Louis A. Wagner, University of Texas Press, 1968.
- ^ Bandyopadhyay, Debaprasad (March 7, 2001). "Folklore: Searching for Logistics". Culturation: 26–34.
- ^ Kenneth S. Goldstein, "Strategy in Counting Out: An Ethnographic Folklore Field Study," in Elliott M. Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith, eds., The Study of Games. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1971.
Further reading[]
- (2000) "Bibliography of Classical Folklore Scholarship: Myths, Legends, and Popular Beliefs of Ancient Greece and Rome". Folklore 111 (1): 123–8. DOI:10.1080/001558700360924.
- Coffin, Tristram P.; Cohen, Hennig, (editors), Folklore in America; tales, songs, superstitions, proverbs, riddles, games, folk drama and folk festivals, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1966. Selections from the Journal of American folklore.
External links[]
- Folktales Folktales from around the world
- Folklore Society
"Folklore". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.- "Folklore". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- www.smashwords.com/books, anthology of some of the oldest oral folk tales
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