Haplogroup K-M9

Haplogroup K-M9
Possible time of origin	47,000 years BP
Possible place of origin	South or West Asia
Ancestor	IJK
Descendants	K(xLT), and LT
Defining mutations	M9, P128, P131, P132

In molecular evolution, a haplogroup (from the Greek: ἁπλούς, haploûs, "onefold, single, simple") is a group of similar haplotypes that share a common ancestor having the same single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in all haplotypes. Haplogroup K-M9 (M9) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup IJK. Its major descendant haplogroups are Haplogroup LT (L298 = P326) and Haplogroup K(xLT) (M526).^[2] Paragroup K (haplogroups K*, K1, K2, K3 and K4) are found in Oceania, and Australia and only at low frequency in South Asia and the Malay Archipelago.

Origins[]

Y-DNA haplogroup K-M9 is an old lineage established approximately 40,000-50,000 years ago whose origins were probably in Southwestern Asia or South Asia. At present this group contains two distinct classes of subgroups: (1) major groups L to T (refer to the main tree at Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree) and (2) minor groups K-M9* and K1 to K4, which do not have any of the SNPs defining the major groups. These groups are found at low frequencies in various parts of Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.^[3]

Subgroups[]

The basic structure of descent from the common male-line ancestor is as follows:

Macro-haplogroup K

Paragroup K. Specially in Oceania. Also in Timor, Philippines and East India.

LT

	Haplogroup L. South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia.

	Haplogroup T. Scattered, but mainly found in Fulbe people (Cameroon). Most of them live in East Africa, South and East India and Upper Egypt.

Macro-haplogroup K(xLT)

Haplogroup M. New Guinea, Indonesia, Melanesia and Polynesia.

Haplogroup NO

	Haplogroup N. Mainly found in Northern Asia, Northern Europe, and Eastern Europe.

	Haplogroup O. Mainly found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

Haplogroup P

Haplogroup Q. Mainly found in Northern Asia and the Americas.

Haplogroup R

	Macro-haplogroup R1. Mainly found in Central Asia, South Asia and Europe as well as parts of West Asia, North America, and Africa.

	Haplogroup R2. Mainly found in South Asia, parts of Central Asia and West Asia.

Haplogroup S. New Guinea, Indonesia and Melanesia.

A more detailed summary of the subclades of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to Karafet et al. (2008)^[1] (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of three steps away from the root of Haplogroup K). Is given next. Note The 2008 paper made a number of changes compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. The former subgroups K2 and K5 were renamed Haplogroups T and S; the old subgroups K1 and K7 were re-assigned as new subgroups M2 and M3 of a redefined Haplogroup M; and the former subgroups K3, K4 and K6 were renamed to new K1, K2 and K3.

K-M9 (M9) Typical of populations of all Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout northern Africa Important in Indigenous Australians from Arnhem Land=30%, Great Sandy Desert=17%^[4] and other parts of Australia=42%.^[5] High frequency in Micronesians from Kapingamarangi=67% and Majuro=64%.^[6] In Melanesia 21%,^[7] specially in Vanuatu=58%. In Filipinos(some ethnic tribes)=45%.^[8] In Northeast India=8.3%.^[9] In Europe found in Macedonians=1.3% ; Serbians=7.1 , Croatians=0.9 and Herzegovinians=2.8^[10]
- LT
  - L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295)
  - T (M70, M184, M193, M272) Found mostly in the Fulani of the African Sahel region, also in a significant minority of people around the Zagros Mountains, Somalis, South and West Sicilia, Napolitania, Ethiopians, Southern Egyptians, and Omanis; also found at low frequency throughout the Mediterranean, Central Europe and parts of India
- K(xLT)
  - K1 (M147) Found with low frequency in South Asia^[11]
  - K2 (P60)
  - K3 (P79) Found in Melanesia and Polynesia^[12]^[13]
  - K4 (P261, P263) Found in Balinese^[14]
  - M (P256)
  - NO (M214)
  - P (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)
  - S (M230)

References[]

^ ^a ^b Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. DOI:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274.
^ (December 2009) "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (48): 20174–9. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMID 19920170.
^ ISOGG website
^ Kayser M, Brauer S, Cordaux R, et al. (November 2006). "Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (11): 2234–44. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msl093. PMID 16923821.
^ Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. DOI:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
^ Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P (May 2005). "The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76 (5): 894–901. DOI:10.1086/430051. PMID 15793703.
^ 2010 ISOGG tree
^ Karafet TM, Lansing JS, Redd AJ, et al. (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Hum. Biol. 77 (1): 93–114. DOI:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819.
^ Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali. "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations". In Bhasin, Veena; Bhasin, M. K.. Anthropology Today: Trends, Scope and Applications. Anthropologist. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises. pp. 393–414. ISBN 978-81-85264-45-5. http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R-Tt.pdf.
^ Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964–75. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.
^ Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nat. Genet. 26 (3): 358–61. DOI:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480.
^ Kayser M, Choi Y, van Oven M, et al. (July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (7): 1362–74. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.
^ Scheinfeldt L, Friedlaender F, Friedlaender J, et al. (August 2006). "Unexpected NRY chromosome variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (8): 1628–41. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.
^ Karafet TM, Hallmark B, Cox MP, et al. (August 2010). "Major east-west division underlies Y chromosome stratification across Indonesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (8): 1833–44. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712.

External links[]

Spread of Haplogroup K, from National Geographic

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups ^{[χ 1]}^{[χ 2]}

"Y-chromosomal Adam"

A00

A0-T ^{[χ 3]}

A0

A1 ^{[χ 4]}

A1a

A1b

A1b1

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

F1

F2

F3

GHIJK

G

HIJK

IJK

H

IJ

K

I

J

LT ^{[χ 5]}

K2 ^{[χ 6]}

L

T

K2a ^{[χ 7]}

K2b ^{[χ 8]}

K2c

K2d

K2e ^{[χ 9]}

K-M2313 ^{[χ 10]}

K2b1 ^{[χ 11]}

P ^{[χ 12]}

NO

S ^{[χ 13]}

M ^{[χ 14]}

P1

P2

N

O

Q

R

Y-DNA by population
Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people

Footnotes

^ (2014) "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. DOI:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
^ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
^ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).
^ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
^ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
^ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
^ Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: (2016) "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics '48' (6): 593–9. DOI:10.1038/ng.3559. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".
^ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
^ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).
^ K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)
^ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
^ Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.
^ Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)
^ Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Haplogroup K-M9. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.

[Karafet-1] Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (May 2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Res. 18 (5): 830–8. DOI:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274.

[2] (December 2009) "Y chromosome diversity, human expansion, drift, and cultural evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (48): 20174–9. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0910803106. PMID 19920170.

[3] ISOGG website

[4] Kayser M, Brauer S, Cordaux R, et al. (November 2006). "Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (11): 2234–44. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msl093. PMID 16923821.

[5] Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. DOI:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.

[6] Hurles ME, Sykes BC, Jobling MA, Forster P (May 2005). "The dual origin of the Malagasy in Island Southeast Asia and East Africa: evidence from maternal and paternal lineages". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 76 (5): 894–901. DOI:10.1086/430051. PMID 15793703.

[ISOGG-7] 2010 ISOGG tree

[8] Karafet TM, Lansing JS, Redd AJ, et al. (February 2005). "Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders". Hum. Biol. 77 (1): 93–114. DOI:10.1353/hub.2005.0030. PMID 16114819.

[Trivedi2007-9] Trivedi, R.; Sahoo, Sanghamitra; Singh, Anamika; Bindu, G. Hima; Banerjee, Jheelam; Tandon, Manuj; Gaikwad, Sonali. "High Resolution Phylogeographic Map of Y-Chromosomes Reveal the Genetic Signatures of Pleistocene Origin of Indian Populations". In Bhasin, Veena; Bhasin, M. K.. Anthropology Today: Trends, Scope and Applications. Anthropologist. Delhi: Kamla-Raj Enterprises. pp. 393–414. ISBN 978-81-85264-45-5. http://www.krepublishers.com/06-Special%20Volume-Journal/T-Anth-00-Special%20Volumes/T-Anth-SI-03-Anth-Today-Web/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R/Anth-SI-03-31-Trivedi-R-Tt.pdf.

[10] Pericić M, Lauc LB, Klarić IM, et al. (October 2005). "High-resolution phylogenetic analysis of southeastern Europe traces major episodes of paternal gene flow among Slavic populations". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1964–75. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msi185. PMID 15944443.

[Underhill2000-11] Underhill PA, Shen P, Lin AA, et al. (November 2000). "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations". Nat. Genet. 26 (3): 358–61. DOI:10.1038/81685. PMID 11062480.

[Kayser2008-12] Kayser M, Choi Y, van Oven M, et al. (July 2008). "The impact of the Austronesian expansion: evidence from mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (7): 1362–74. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msn078. PMID 18390477.

[Scheinfeldt2006-13] Scheinfeldt L, Friedlaender F, Friedlaender J, et al. (August 2006). "Unexpected NRY chromosome variation in Northern Island Melanesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (8): 1628–41. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msl028. PMID 16754639.

[Karafet2010-14] Karafet TM, Hallmark B, Cox MP, et al. (August 2010). "Major east-west division underlies Y chromosome stratification across Indonesia". Mol. Biol. Evol. 27 (8): 1833–44. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msq063. PMID 20207712.

[vanOven2014-15] (2014) "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation 35 (2): 187–91. DOI:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.

[ISOGG2015-16] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-17] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-18] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[LT-19] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-20] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2a-21] Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. (This followed the publication of: (2016) "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences". Nature Genetics '48' (6): 593–9. DOI:10.1038/ng.3559. PMID 27111036. In the past, other haplogroups, including NO (M214) and K2e had also been identified with the name "K2a".

[K2b-22] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2e-23] Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a).

[K-M2313-24] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[K2b1-25] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-26] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[S-27] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-28] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

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Haplogroup K-M9

Contents

Origins[]

Subgroups[]

References[]

External links[]

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Haplogroup K-M9
Possible time of origin	47,000 years BP^[1]
Possible place of origin	South or West Asia
Ancestor	IJK
Descendants	K(xLT), and LT
Defining mutations	M9, P128, P131, P132