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House of Burgh

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House of Burgh (Burke)
Arms of the House of de Burgh
Country Royal Standard of the Kingdom of France Kingdom of France
Flag of England Kingdom of England
Template:Country data Lordship of Ireland
Saint Patrick's Saltire Kingdom of Ireland
Flag of Scotland Kingdom of Scotland
Union flag 1606 (Kings Colors) Kingdom of Great Britain
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom
Flag of the United Kingdom British Empire
Template:Country data Kingdom of Spain
Flag of Ireland Republic of Ireland
Titles
Founder William de Burgh
Hubert de Burgh
Current head The Marquess of Sligo
The Earl of Mayo
The Lord Burgh
Founding year Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., 1193 (1193-{{{month}}}-{{{day}}}) (Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{". years ago)
Dissolution 1363 (1363) 
(Original line)
1916  (1916)
(Clanricarde line)
Cadet branches

The House of Burgh or Burke (English /d ˈbɜːr/; d’-BER; French pronunciation: [d.buʁ]; Irish: de Búrca; Latin: de Burgo) was an ancient Anglo-Norman and later Hiberno-Norman aristocratic dynasty (with the Anglo-Irish branches later adopting the surname Burke and its variants) who held the earldoms of Kent, Ulster, Clanricarde, and Mayo at various times, provided a Queen Consort of Scotland, Kings of Britain and multiples other royals, and played a prominent role in the Norman invasion of Ireland.

The surname de Burgh derives from the English village of Burgh-next-Aylsham, Norfolk or Burgh, Suffolk and the name is of Old English origin, meaning ‘fortified town’ or 'fortress'. The first of the de Burgh family to settle in Ireland was the Anglo-Norman adventurer, William de Burgh (c. 1160–1205/6), who arrived in 1185 with Henry II of England. He was the elder brother of Hubert de Burgh, who was Earl of Kent and Justiciar of England (and believed to be the ancestor of the Lords Burgh).[1]

William de Burgh founded the Irish line of the family which included the Lords of Connaught, Earls of Ulster and Earls of Clanricarde.[1] After the fourteenth century, some branches of the Irish line gaelicised the surname in Irish as de Búrca which gradually became Búrc then later Burke or Bourke, and this surname has been associated with Connaught for more than seven centuries. Later, some branches returned to their original surname of 'de Burgh' in the late nineteenth century most notably the Earls and Marquesses of Clanricarde).[2]

William de Burgh's great-great-granddaughter, Elizabeth de Burgh, daughter of Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster, married King Robert I of Scots and became Queen Consort of Scotland. Another descendant, Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster, was the wife of King Edward III's son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence, and from them the Yorkist Plantagenets later claimed the throne of England.

In England, one branch of the family (Lords Burgh) changed the name to 'Burgh' at some time after the Civil War in the seventeenth century (the 'de' having been removed to hide the family's connection to the nobility and Catholicism).

The de Burgh/Burke family has produced many prominent figures during the Middle Ages, Crusades, British Empire, World War I and World War II.

Family History[]

Hubert de Burgh-Paris

Hubert de Burgh, from Matthew Paris's Historia Anglorum

The earliest documented generation of the family was represented in the late 12th and early 13th centuries by three brothers, William de Burgh (who played a major role in the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland), Hubert de Burgh (who, as Chief Justiciar of England and Ireland, was created Earl of Kent), and Geoffrey de Burgh (who became Bishop of Ely). The Kent Earldom became extinct on Hubert's death, and his family passed into relative obscurity until one line (Baron Burgh) was ennobled in the later 15th/early sixteenth century. William gave rise to one of the most prominent Anglo-Irish families of the later Middle Ages.[1][3]

Descendant of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent (d. before 1243)[]

The grant of the Earldom of Kent to Hubert was limited to himself and any male heirs born to his final wife, Princess Margaret of Scotland, but their only child was a daughter who was herself childless. Hubert's sons, John and Hubert, inherited his lands, the latter thought to be ancestor Thomas Burgh of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, who in 1487 was summoned to Parliament as Baron Burgh (or Borough) of Gainsborough. Thomas, 3rd Baron was Lord Deputy of Ireland (1597), and his younger brother, Sir John (d. 1594), was a distinguished soldier and sailor. The 6th Baron died as a young child in 1602, and the barony fell into abeyance among four his sisters.[4][5]

Descendants of William de Burgh (d. 1206)[]

Athassel Priory St

The Choir and Tower of Athassel Priory

William de Burgh (d. 1206) received a grant of lands from King John (1189). At John's accession (1199) he was installed in Thomond and became Governor of Limerick. Between 1199 and 1201 he was supporting, in turn, Cathal Carrach and Cathal Crovderg for the native throne, but William was expelled from Limerick (1203) and, lost his Connaught (though not Munster) estates. William married a daughter of Domnall Mór Ó Briain (O'Brien), King of Thomond, King of Limerick, and claimant to the Kingdom of Munster (a descendant of Brian Boru and the O'Brien dynasty).[1]

Lords of Connaught William's son, Richard Mór de Burgh, 1st Lord of Connaught (d. 1243), received the land of "Connok" (Connaught) as forfeited by its king, whom he helped to fight (1227). He was Justiciar of Ireland (1228–32). In 1234, he sided with the crown against Richard, Earl Marshal, who fell in battle against him. Richard Mór's eldest son, Sir Richard de Burgh (d. 1248) succeeded him, briefly, as Lord of Connaught.[6]

Earls of Ulster Richard Mór's second son, Walter de Burgh (d. 1271), continued warfare against the native chieftains and added greatly to his vast domains by obtaining, from Prince Edward, a grant of "the county of Ulster" (c. 1255) in consequence of which he was styled later Earl of Ulster.[7]

Walter, 1st Earl of Ulster was succeeded by his son, Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster. In 1286, he ravaged and subdued Connaught, and deposed the chief native king, (Brian O'Neill), substituting his own nominee. He also attacked the native king of Connaught, in favour of the branch of O'Conors that his family supported. He led his forces from Ireland to support Edward I in his Scottish campaigns, and on Edward Bruce's invasion of Ulster (1315), Richard marched against him, despite having given his daughter, Elizabeth, in marriage (c. 1304) to King Robert I of Scotland, Edward's older brother. Occasionally summoned to English parliaments, Richard spent most of his forty years of activity in Ireland, where he was the greatest noble of his day, usually fighting the natives or his Anglo-Norman rivals to expand his family's land. The patent roll of 1290 shows that in addition to his lands in Ulster, Connaught and Munster, he held the Isle of Man, but later surrendered it to the king.[8][9][10] Richard, the 2nd Earl's grandson and successor was William Donn de Burgh, the Brown Earl (d. 1333), son of John de Burgh (d. 1313) and Elizabeth, Lady of Clare (d. 1360), sister and co-heir of the last Clare Earl of Hertford (d. 1314).[11] William Donn married Maud of Lancaster (daughter of Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster) and was appointed Lieutenant of Ireland (1331), but was murdered in his 21st year, leaving his only daughter, Elizabeth de Burgh, as the sole heiress not only of the de Burgh possessions but of the vast Clare estates.

Arms of Edward, 4th Duke of York

Coat of arms of Edward, 4th Duke of York before becoming King Edward IV.

She was married in childhood to Lionel, 1st Duke of Clarence (third son of Edward III) who was recognized in her right as Earl of Ulster. It is from them that the Yorkist Plantagenets later derived their claim to the throne of England. Their descendant, Edward, 4th Duke of York, ascended the throne in 1461 as King Edward IV of England, since then the Earldom of Ulster has been only held by members of the British Royal Family.[12][13]


King and Queen of Scots

Main article: Robert the Bruce
Robert the Bruce and Elizabeth de Burgh

Robert the Bruce and Elizabeth de Burgh, King and Queen of Scots. Depicted in the Seton Armorial.

Elizabeth de Burgh, daughter of Richard Óg de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster, married Robert the Bruce in 1302 at the age of 13. The wedding most likely took place at Writtle, near Chelmsford, Essex and was arranged by either Richard or Edward I, King Edward having heavily encouraged it as a way to keep the loyalty of the Scottish nobility.
However, the Bruce would soon be separated from his English allies upon the murder of John Comyn, his greatest rival for the Scottish throne, in the "Chapel of the Greyfriars". Aware that he would be excommunicated for killing someone inside of a church, Robert rushed to Scone before a Papal Bull could be issued, 6 weeks later being crowned as Robert I, King of Scots with Elizabeth by his side as Queen Consort.
They had four children including David, who himself would go on to become King of Scots in 1329.

Burke Civil War (1333–38)

Main article: Burke Civil War 1333–38
Lough Foyle View - geograph.org

Lough Foyle

On the murder of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster (1333), his male kinsmen (who had a better right to the succession than his daughter, according to native Irish ideas), adopting Irish names and customs, became virtually native chieftains and succeeded in holding the bulk of the de Burgh territories.

Their two main branches were those of Mac William Uachtar (Upper Mac William) or Clanricarde (in southern Connacht and Galway) and Mac William Íochtar (Lower Mac William) in northern Connacht (Mayo).[14]

Burke/de Burgh of Mac William Uachtar (Earls and Marquesses of Clanricarde)

Ulick de Burgh

Ulick de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde.

De burgh arms

Clanricarde Coat of Arms.

In 1543, the Mac William Uachtar (Upper Mac William) chief, Ulick na gCeann Burke (alias, MacWilliam) surrendered it to Henry VIII, receiving it back to hold, by English custom, as Earl of Clanricarde and Lord Dunkellin (1543).

His descendant, Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde distinguished himself on the English side in O'Neill's Rebellion and afterwards obtained the English Earldom of St Albans (1628).[15] His son, Ulick Burke, received the Irish Marquessate of Clanricarde (first creation, 1646).[16][17] His cousin and heir, Richard Burke, 6th Earl of Clanricarde was uncle of Richard Burke, 8th Earl and John Burke, 9th Earl, both of whom fought for James II and paid the penalty for doing so (1691), but the latter was restored (1702), and his great-grandson, Henry de Burgh, 12th Earl, was created Marquess of Clanricarde (second creation, 1789).

He left no son, but his brother, John de Burgh, 13th Earl was created Earl of Clanricarde (second creation, 1800) and the Marquessate was later revived (1825), for John's son, Ulick de Burgh, 14th and 2nd Earl His heir, Hubert de Burgh-Canning was the 2nd and last Marquess. The Earldom of Clanricarde (second creation) passed by special remainder to the 6th Marquess of Sligo. This family, which changed its name from Burke to de Burgh (1752) and added that of Canning (1862), owned a vast estate in County Galway.[14][18][19]

Bourke of Mac William Íochtar (Viscounts Mayo and Earls of Mayo)

6th Earl of Mayo

Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo.

Arms of Bourke of Mayo

Mac William Íochtar Coat of Arms.

Seaán mac Oliver Bourke, 17th Lord of Mac William Íochtar was created Baron Ardenerie in 1580. Tibbot (Theobald) MacWalter Kittagh Bourke, 21st Lord of Mac William Íochtar, fled to Spain where he was created Marquess of Mayo (1602) in the Spanish peerage.

In 1603, the 19th Lord of Mac William Íochtar, Tiobóid na Long (Theobald) Bourke (d. 1629), resigned his territory in Mayo, and received it back to hold by English tenure and was later created Viscount Mayo (1627). Miles, 2nd Viscount (d. 1649) and Theobald, 3rd Viscount (d. 1652) suffered at Cromwell's hands, but Theobald, 4th Viscount was restored to his estates (some 50,000 acres) in 1666. The peerage became extinct or dormant on the death of John, 8th Viscount (1767).

In 1781, a Mayo man believed to be descended from the line of Mac William Íochtar, John Bourke, was created Viscount Mayo (1781) and later Earl of Mayo (1785). Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo was appointed Viceroy of India in 1869 and was murdered in the Andaman Islands in 1872. His younger brother was the politician Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara who was appointed Governor of Madras.[14][20][21][22]

The baronies of Bourke of Castleconnell (1580) and Bourke of Brittas (1618), both forfeited in 1691, were bestowed on branches of the family which still has representatives in the baronetage and landed gentry of Ireland.

De Conteville[]

Main article: Herluin de Conteville
Bayeux Tapestry scene44 William Odo Robert

William, Odo and Robert, depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry

Herluin de Conteville, also known as Harlowen de Burgo, is an ancestor of the House of Burgh. He married Herleva, the mother of King William the Conqueror, and together they had two sons and three daughters, the sons being Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain.

Herluin was Viscount of Conteville, most likely being given the title by his stepson, King William, and held the honour of Sainte-Mère-Église.


Odo of Bayeux

Main article: Odo of Bayeux
Odo bayeux tapestry

Odo of Bayeux fighting in the Battle of Hastings, depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry

Odo was the eldest son of Herluin and Herleva. He was made Bishop of Bayeux at the age of either nineteen or fourteen and despite being an ordained Christian cleric he is best remembered as a warrior and statesman, being one of the very view proven companions of his half-brother, William the Conqueror, during the Norman invasion of England.

In 1067 he became Earl of Kent, a title that would remain in the House of Burgh, and for many years was a trusted royal minister, even on some occasions serving as regent of England in the king's absence and leading the royal forces into battle against rebellions such as the Revolt of the Earls.

During this time he would acquire vast amounts of land that stretched across twenty-three counties, his estate being second in size, only to that of the king.

He was suddenly imprisoned in 1082 for having planned a military expedition to Italy, his motives are uncertain though it is believed that he intended to become pope, this having taken place during the Investiture Controversy when the position of pope was being contested. A few years after release, Odo fought alongside William's son, Robert, in the First Crusade but died on the way to Palestine in January or February of 1097.

Arms (Heraldry)[]

De Burgh

The Arms of Ulick John de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde (1802–1874), Knight of St Patrick (1831)

The original de Burgh coat of arms is blazoned as Or, a cross gules (a red cross on a gold shield).

Variations on this original shield were adopted by different branches of the family. For instance, the arms of the Burke/de Burgh family of Clanricarde added a black lion to the upper-left quadrant (Or, a cross gules in the first quarter a lion rampant sable). Another Burke family added a fleur-de-llys to the cross (Or, on a cross gules a fleur-de-llys of the first), and the arms of the Burkes or Bourkes, Viscounts Mayo, was Party per fess Or and Ermine, a cross gules the first quarter charged with a lion rampant sable and the second with a dexter hand couped at the wrist and erect gules.[23][24]

The crest, a seated and chained 'mountain cat', is said to represent liberty and courage and is believed to be awarded for a de Burgh's courage and skill in battle during the Crusades.

The motto has varied between A cruce Salus (Latin: 'salvation from the cross'), which would have originated in the Crusades, and un roy, une foy, une loy (archaic French: 'one king, one faith, one law'), originating when the family moved to Ireland.[25][26]

According to legend, the arms originated during the Third Crusade while Hubert de Burgh was fighting for King Richard the Lionheart. De Burgh did not yet have a crest of his own so carried a plain gold shield. It is said that following a successful battle, the Lionheart marked a cross of blood on Hubert's shield; stating "for your bravery, this shall be your crest".[27]

Genealogy[]

See also[]

  • Irish nobility
  • The Book of the Burkes or Book of the de Burgos (1580s), Gaelic illuminated manuscript at Trinity College Dublin
  • William de Burgh, founder of the House of Burgh
  • Richard Mór de Burgh, first lord of Connacht
  • Viscount Galway, viscountcy created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1628 and 1687
  • Baron Leitrim, barony created in the Peerage of Ireland
  • Burke Baronets of Glinsk and Marble Hill, Galway, created in the Baronetage of Ireland in 1628 and 1797
  • Mac William Uachtar/Clanricarde, the Burke clan of Galway
  • Mac William Íochtar, the Bourke clan of Mayo
  • Burke's Peerage, British account of nobility and genealogical publisher, first published in 1826 by John Burke
  • Burke's Landed Gentry, British account of families of the land-holding class, first published in 1833 by John Burke
  • Herluin de Conteville, stepfather of William the Conqueror, ancestor of the de Burghs
  • Edmund Burke (1729–1797), Irish statesman, economist, and philosopher
  • De Burgh (surname), list of people with this surname
  • Burke (surname), list of people with this surname
  • Bourke (surname), list of people with this surname

Sources[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b c d "Burgh, William de (d. 1206), baron". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-4000.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  2. ^ Woulfe, Patrick (1923) (in en, ga). Irish Names and Surnames. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Sons Ltd. https://www.libraryireland.com/names/d/de-burc-de-burca.php. 
  3. ^ "Burgh, Geoffrey de (d. 1228), bishop of Ely". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-95140.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  4. ^ Ellis, Clarence (1952). Hubert de Burgh: A Study in Constancy. London: Phoenix House Ltd. 
  5. ^ "Burgh, Hubert de, earl of Kent (c. 1170–1243), justiciar". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-3991.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  6. ^ B. Smith, "Burgh, Richard de (died 1243)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. online edition, Oxford University Press, September 2004
  7. ^ "Burgh, Walter de, first earl of Ulster (d. 1271), magnate and soldier". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-3998.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  8. ^ Wikisource-logo Archer, Thomas Andrew (1886). "Burgh, Richard de (1259?-1326)". In Leslie Stephen. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900​. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 
  9. ^ "Elizabeth [née Elizabeth de Burgh (d. 1327), queen of Scots"]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-54180.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  10. ^ "Burgh, Richard de, second earl of Ulster [called the Red Earl (b. in or after 1259, d. 1326), magnate, lord of Connacht"]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-3995.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  11. ^ "Clare, Elizabeth de [Elizabeth de Burgh; known as lady of Clare (1294/5–1360), magnate and founder of Clare College, Cambridge"]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-5435.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  12. ^ Wikisource-logo Archer, Thomas Andrew (1886). "Burgh, William de". In Leslie Stephen. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885–1900​. 7. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 
  13. ^ "Burgh, William de, third earl of Ulster [called the Brown Earl (1312–1333), magnate"]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-4001.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  14. ^ a b c (in en) A New History of Ireland: IX: Maps, Genealogies, Lists, A Companion to Irish History, Part II. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989. pp. 170–2, 235–6. ISBN 978-0-19-959306-4. 
  15. ^ "Burke, Richard, fourth earl of Clanricarde and first earl of St Albans (1572–1635), politician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-67043.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  16. ^ Wikisource-logo Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Clanricarde, Ulick de Burgh, Marquess of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 421–422. 
  17. ^ "Burke [de Burgh, Ulick, marquess of Clanricarde (1604–1658), landowner and politician"]. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-3996.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  18. ^ "Burgh, Ulick John de, first marquess of Clanricarde (1802–1874), politician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37245.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  19. ^ "Canning, Hubert George de Burgh, second marquess of Clanricarde (1832–1916), landlord in Ireland". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-32179.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  20. ^ Chambers, A. (2007). Shadow Lord: Theobald Bourke, Tibbott-Ne-Long, 1567–1629: Son of the pirate queen Grace O'Malley. Dublin 2007: Ashfield Press. pp. 65–66. 
  21. ^ "Bourke, Richard Southwell, sixth earl of Mayo (1822–1872), viceroy of India". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-2998.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  22. ^ "Bourke, Robert, Baron Connemara (1827–1902), administrator in India". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/. https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-31990.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  23. ^ Burke, John; Burke, Bernard (1844) (in en). Encyclopædia of Heraldry: Or General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Comprising a Registry of All Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time, Including the Late Grants by the College of Arms. H. G. Bohn. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y11BAAAAYAAJ&dq=de+burgh+heraldry+a+cruce+salus&pg=PP202. 
  24. ^ Burke, Bernard (1884). The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. University of California Libraries. London : Harrison & sons. http://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk. 
  25. ^ Burke, John; Burke, Bernard (1844) (in en). Encyclopædia of Heraldry: Or General Armory of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Comprising a Registry of All Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time, Including the Late Grants by the College of Arms. H. G. Bohn. https://books.google.com/books?id=Y11BAAAAYAAJ&dq=de+burgh+heraldry+a+cruce+salus&pg=PP202. 
  26. ^ Burke, Bernard (1884). The general armory of England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales; comprising a registry of armorial bearings from the earliest to the present time. University of California Libraries. London : Harrison & sons. http://archive.org/details/generalarmoryofe00burk. 
  27. ^ Hernon, Ian (2013). Fortress Britain: All the Invasions and Incursions since 1066. The History Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0752497174. 

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