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In human genetics, a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).

The Y chromosome consortium has established a system of defining Y-DNA haplogroups by letters A through to T, with further subdivisions using numbers and lower case letters.[1]

Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to a theoretical male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. Estimations of the date of this common ancestor have varied significantly in different studies.

Major Y-DNA haplogroups[]

Major Y-chromosome haplogroups include:

Tree view[]

Y─ DNA Adam

Haplogroup A0




Haplogroup A1


BT

Haplogroup B


CT
DE

Haplogroup D



Haplogroup E



CF

Haplogroup C


Haplogroup F

Haplogroups F1-F4



Haplogroup G



Haplogroup H


IJK
Haplogroup IJ

Haplogroup I



Haplogroup J



Haplogroup K

K*


LT

Haplogroup L



Haplogroup T



MNOPS

Haplogroups K1-K4



Haplogroup M


Haplogroup NO

Haplogroup N



Haplogroup O



Haplogroup P

Haplogroup Q



Haplogroup R




Haplogroup S












Groups A and B[]

Haplogroup A is the African macrohaplogroup from which all modern haplogroups descend. BT is a subclade of Haplogroup A. It has two major lineages, Haplogroups B and CT.

  • Haplogroup A (M91) Found in Africa, especially the Khoisan, Ethiopians (especially Beta Israel) and Nilotes
    • BT (M42, M94, M139, M299) ca. 55 ka BP
      • Haplogroup B (M60) Found in Africa, especially the Pygmies and Hadzabe
      • CT (see below)

Groups with mutation M168 (CT)[]

The defining mutations separating CT (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 65,000 years ago.[1] The P143 mutation that defines Haplogroup CF may have occurred at that time, bringing modern humans to the southern coast of Asia.

  • Haplogroup CF (P143) Found outside of Africa, throughout Eurasia, Oceania, and the Americas
  • Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) ca. 65 ka
    • Haplogroup D (M174) Found in Japan, China (especially Tibet), the Andaman Islands
      • Haplogroup D1 (M15)
      • Haplogroup D2 (M55, M57, M64.1, M179, P12, P37.1, P41.1 (M359.1), 12f2.2)
      • Haplogroup D3 (P47)
    • Haplogroup E (M40, M96) Found primarily in Africa
      • Haplogroup E1 (P147)
        • Haplogroup E1a (M33, M132) formerly E1
        • Haplogroup E1b (P177)
          • Haplogroup E1b1 (P2, DYS391p); formerly E3
            • Haplogroup E1b1a (V38) Found in Africa, specially in Niger–Congo speakers; formerly E3a
            • Haplogroup E1b1b (M215) Found in East Africa, North Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (especially in areas near the Mediterranean); formerly E3b
      • Haplogroup E2 (M75)

Groups descended from Haplogroup F (G, H & IJK)[]

Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)

The diversion of Haplogroup F and its descendants.

The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The mutation of IJ corresponds to a wave of migration out of the Middle East or South Asia some 45 ka that subsequently spread into Europe (Cro-Magnon). Haplogroup G originated in the Middle East or perhaps further east as far as Pakistan some 30 ka, and spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution. Haplogroup H probably occurred in India some 30-40 ka, and remains prevalent there, spreading westwards in historical times with the Romani migration. Haplogroup K spread widely to Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.

  • Paragroup F* Found in Southern India, Sri Lanka, Yunnan, Korea
  • Haplogroup G (M201) ca. 21 ka Found in many ethnic groups in Eurasia; most common in the Caucasus, Iran, Anatolia and the Levant. Found in almost all European countries, but most common in Gagauzia, southeastern Romania, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Tyrol, and Bohemia with highest concentrations on some Mediterranean islands; uncommon in Northern Europe Found in small numbers in northwestern China and India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and North Africa
    • Haplogroup G1
    • Haplogroup G2
      • Haplogroup G2a
        • Haplogroup G2a1
        • Haplogroup G2a2
        • Haplogroup G2a3
          • Haplogroup G2a3a
          • Haplogroup G2a3b
            • Haplogroup G2a3b1
      • Haplogroup G2b
      • Haplogroup G2c (formerly Haplogroup G5)
        • Haplogroup G2c1
  • Haplogroup H (M69) Found mainly in South Asia
    • Haplogroup H1
    • Haplogroup H2
  • Haplogroup IJK
    • Haplogroup IJ (P123, P124, P125, P126, P127, P129, P130) ca. 45 ka
      • Haplogroup I (M170, M258) Found in Europe and parts of the Near East
        • Haplogroup I1 (M253) Found mainly in northern Europe
        • Haplogroup I2 (P215) Found mainly in southeast Europe and Sardinia save for I2B1 (m223) which is primarily found in Western, Central, and Northern Europe.
      • Haplogroup J (M304, S6, S34, S35)
        • Haplogroup J* (Rare outside of Socotra)
        • Haplogroup J1 Associated with Northeast Caucasian peoples in Dagestan and Semitic peoples in Mesopotamia, the Levant, the Arabian Peninsula, Ethiopia, and North Africa
        • Haplogroup J2 (M172) Found mainly in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Levant, Greece, the Balkans, Italy and the Caucasus
    • Haplogroup K (M9) Spread all over Eurasia, Oceania and Americas
      • LT (see below)

Groups descended from Haplogroup K (M9)[]

Haplogroup L is mainly found in South Asia. Haplogroup M is most prevalent in Melanesia. The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Asia. Haplogroup N probably originated in Southeast Asia and spread north into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia. Haplogroup P gave rise to groups Q and R, and is rarely found in its undifferentiated stage. It probably originated in Central Asia or the Altai region. Haplogroup Q also originated in Central Asia, migrating east to North America.

  • Haplogroup K* Found in Melanesia and Australia
  • Haplogroup K1 (formerly Haplogroup K3) Found in Indian subcontinent
  • Haplogroup K2 (formerly Haplogroup K4)
  • Haplogroup K3 (formerly Haplogroup K6) Found in Melanesia and Polynesia
  • Haplogroup K4 Found in Bali
  • Haplogroup LT (L298/P326)
    • Haplogroup L (M20) Found in South Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Mediterranean
    • Haplogroup T (formerly known as Haplogroup K2) (M184, M70, M193, M272) Found in Africa (mainly Afro-Asiatic-speaking peoples), the Middle East, the Mediterranean, South Asia. Found in a significant minority of Sciaccensi, Somalis, Eivissencs, Stilfser, Ethiopians, Fulbe, Egyptians, and Omanis; also found at low frequency throughout the Mediterranean and parts of India
  • Haplogroup MNOPS (rs2033003/M526)

Groups descended from Haplogroup NO (M214)[]

The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in East Asia. Haplogroup N possibly originated in eastern Asia and spread both west into Siberia and north, being the most common group found in some Uralic speaking peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia.

  • Haplogroup NO (M214) 35-40 ka (minimal distribution)
    • Haplogroup N (M231) Found in northernmost Eurasia, especially among the Uralic peoples
      • Haplogroup N1 (LLY22g)
    • Haplogroup O (M175) Found in East Asia, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific
      • Haplogroup O1 (MSY2.2) Found in eastern and southern China, Taiwan, and Southeast Asia, especially among Austronesian and Tai–Kadai peoples
      • Haplogroup O2 (P31, M268)
        • Haplogroup O2a (M95) Found in Japan, southern China, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, especially among Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai–Kadai peoples, Malays, and Indonesians
        • Haplogroup O2b (SRY465, M176) Found in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, and Southeast Asia
      • Haplogroup O3 (M122) Found throughout East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesia including Polynesia

Groups descended from Haplogroup P (M45)[]

Haplogroup P (M45) has two branches. They are Q-M242 and R-M207, which share the common marker M45 in addition to at least 18 other SNPs.

Haplogroup Q

Q is defined by the SNP M242. It is believed to have arisen in Central Asia approximately 35-40 000 years ago. The subclades of Haplogroup Q with their defining mutation(s), according to the 2008 ISOGG tree[2] are provided below. ss4 bp, rs41352448, is not represented in the ISOGG 2008 tree because it is a value for an STR. This low frequency value has been found as a novel Q lineage (Q5) in Indian populations[3]

The 2008 ISOGG tree

  • Q (M242)
    • Q*
    • Q1 (P36.2)
      • Q1*
      • Q1a (MEH2)
        • Q1a*
        • Q1a1 (M120, M265/N14) Found with low frequency among Dungans, Han Chinese, Hazaras, Japanese, Koreans, and Tibetans[4][5]
        • Q1a2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
        • Q1a3 (M346)
          • Q1a3* Found at low frequency in Pakistan, India, and Tibet
          • Q1a3a (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
            • Q1a3a*
            • Q1a3a1 (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu[6]
            • Q1a3a2 (M194)
            • Q1a3a3 (M199, P106, P292)
        • Q1a4 (P48)
        • Q1a5 (P89)
        • Q1a6 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews
      • Q1b (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis

Haplogroup R

File:Haplogroup R (Y-DNA).jpg

The diversion of Haplogroup R and its descendants.

Haplogroup R is defined by the SNP M207. The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in lineages R1a and R1b. R1a likely originated in the Eurasian Steppes, and is associated with the Kurgan culture and Proto-Indo-European expansion. It is primarily found in Central Asia, South Asia, and Eastern Europe. R1b probably originated in Central Asia. It is the dominant haplogroup of Western Europe and also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Its subclade R1b1a2 (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern European populations, especially those of Western Europe.

  • Haplogroup R1 (M173) Found throughout western Eurasia
  • Haplogroup R2 (M124) Found in South Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe

Chronological development of Haplogroups in Europe[]

Haplogroup Possible time of origin Possible place of origin Highest frequencies
K 40,000 years ago South Asia or West Asia
T 30,000 years ago West Asia
J 30,000 years ago Middle East
R 28,000 years ago Central Asia
E1b1b-M35 26,000 years ago East Africa
I 25,000 years ago Balkans
R1a1 21,000 years ago Southern Russia
R1b 20,000 years ago Around the Caspian Sea or Central Asia
E1b1b-M78 18,000 years ago Egypt/Libya
G 17,000 years ago Between India and the Caucasus
I2 17,000 years ago Balkans
J2 15,000 years ago Northern Mesopotamia
I2b 13,000 years ago Central Europe
N1c1 12,000 years ago Siberia
I2a 11,000 years ago Balkans
R1b1b2 10,000 years ago North or south of the Caucasus
J1 10,000 years ago Arabian peninsula
E1b1b-V13 10,000 years ago Balkans Albanians
I2b1 9,000 years ago Central Europe
I2a1 8,000 years ago Sardinia
I2a2 7,500 years ago Dinaric Alps
E1b1b-M81 5,500 years ago Maghreb Berbers
I1 5,000 years ago Scandinavia
R1b-L21 4,000 years ago Central or Eastern Europe
R1b-S28 3,500 years ago around the Alps
R1b-S21 3,000 years ago Frisia or Central Europe
I2b1a < 3,000 years ago Britain

See also[]


Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ K
I   J     LT [χ 5]       K2 [χ 6]
L     T    K2a [χ 7]        K2b [χ 8]     K2c     K2d K2e [χ 9]  
K-M2313 [χ 10]     K2b1 [χ 11] P [χ 12]
NO   S [χ 13]  M [χ 14]    P1     P2
N O Q R
  • Y-DNA by population
  • Y-DNA haplogroups of historic people

References[]

  1. ^ Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. DOI:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. 
  2. ^ "Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2010". International Society of Genetic Genealogy. http://www.isogg.org/tree/. Retrieved July 2010. 
  3. ^ (2007) "A novel subgroup Q5 of human Y-chromosomal haplogroup Q in India". BMC Evol Biol 7: 232. DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-7-232. PMID 18021436. 
  4. ^ Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations, from the online supplementary material for the article by Bo Wen et al., "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture," Nature 431, 302-305 (16 September 2004)
  5. ^ Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region, from the article by R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)
  6. ^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas," Maria-Catira Bortolini et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 73:524-539, 2003

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This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License.
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