Julihanna Rowe (nee Long) with two of her grandchildren.
Julihanna Long was born in approximately 1810, near Gwennap, Cornwall, England. Her parents were John Long and Margaret Bray, and her siblings were William (c1804), John (c1813), Joseph (c1816), Catherine (c1818), Mary (c1821) and James (c1826). The exact spelling of Julihannah's first name is uncertain as it appears in many variations on official documents about her life.
Julihanna's marriage to John Roweis recorded in the Gwennap parish register however when the register was transcribed Gwennap Julianna’s surname was misread as ‘Honey’. Witnesses to their marriage were John Long and T. Clemence. The couple settled in St Day, Cornwall, where they had their first two children, Elizabeth & John. They then moved to Redruth, but their next two children were also christened in St Day. It is not known why at this stage, but soon after husband John went to live in the West Indies where he remained for two and half years. When he returned, the family were together for only two weeks before they decided to set sail for South Australia.
The Java[]
Just before John & Julianna decided to emigrate, advertisements such as this were posted in theUnited Kingdom to entice immigrants to Australia:
"WANTED" - (published at Truro, August 19th, 1839) "An opportunity now offers itself to all married persons of useful occupations particularly to agricultural labourers, carpenters, builders, stone masons, shepherds and blacksmiths of obtaining a free passage to Port Adelaide in South Australia (SA). A free colony where there are no convicts sent and where every person who immigrates is as free as he is in this country. Besides the classes of persons enumerated above bakers, blacksmiths, braziers and tin men, smiths, shipwrights, boat builders, wheel wrights, sawyers, cabinet makers, coopers, couriers, farriers, mill wrights, harness makers, boot and shoe makers, tailors, tanners, brick makers, lime burners and all persons engaged in the erection of buildings are always in great request. The applicants must able to obtain a good character reference as honest sober, industrious men. They must be real labourers going out to work in the colony of sound body not less than 15 and nor more than 30 years of age and married. The rule as to age is occasionally departed from in favour of the parents of large families. As a general rule each child is considered as extended the age plus one year. Sisters of married applicants are allowed to go free if of good character.
The province of SA is a delightfully fertile and salubrious country, in every respect well adapted to the constitution of Englishmen and is one of the most flourishing in all our colonies. It is well watered and there have never been any complaints from the colonists of a want of this valuable element. On the contrary, the letters from Cornishmen who have written home are very satisfactory on this point. It should be born in mind that complaints of a scarcity of water do not apply to Adelaide but to other settlements not connected to SA.
Immigrants wishing to obtain a free passage this year must now have that opportunity if they apply immediately to Mr I. Latimer, Truro, who is employed by Her Majesty's colonisation commissioners to engage for that fine first class teak built ship the "Java" of 1200 tonnes. The ship's accommodations are unusually spacious and lofty and are so arranged as to ensure the comfort of all passengers. She will carry 2 surgeons and 2 school masters the latter of whom will be regularly employed in teaching the immigrants and their children. The vessel will call at Plymouth to take in Cornish passengers on or about the 16th of October but, in order to ensure a passage, application should be made forthwith." Mr. I. LATIMER, Truro,who is empowered by her Majesty’s Colonization Commisioners to engage for that fine first-class teak-built ship the JAVA, of 1200 Tons.
A card announcing the sailing of the "JAVA" is still in the hands of descendants of a passenger in Adelaide, of a family that purchased cabin accommodation the card reads:-
For South Australia And under an engagement with Her Majesty's Colonization Commissioners To sail positively on 1/10/1839, (calling at Plymouthto embark passengers on 16th October,) The fine first class teak-built ship Java, Burthen 1200 tons Alexander Duthie Commander Lying in the East India Dock.
This ships accommodations are unusually spacious and lofty and are so arranged as to ensure the comfort of the Cabin and Intermediate passengers. She will carry an experienced surgeon and assistant.
For freight or passage apply to R.Scott Fairlie & Co, 37,Great Winchester Street; to John Pirie & Co., 3, Freeman's Court, Cornhill; to Ritherdon and Carr, 13, Bishopsgate Street within; or to Lachlan, Sons and MacLeod, 22 Great Alie Street, Goodman's Fields; or Lloyd's
The Journey to South Australia[]
The sailing of the "JAVA" from St. Katherine’s Dock was not without controversy for an article appeared in the Weekly Dispatch" on November 3rd 1839 and later printed about the time the "JAVA" arrived inAdelaide, in which it was said that the carpenters who were engaged in fitting her out, declared that the planks would not retain a screw or nail. The article referred to the fact that" in fitting up emigration ships, due regard is always had to external appearances; make the vessel pleasing to the eye, and the principle is accomplished. A coat of paint or varnish, like charity, often covers a multitude of faults in the shape of worm-eaten holes and other casualties. It is true that persons are appointed by the Government to inspect these ships, and report on their sea-worthiness; but unfortunately, those individuals are too apt to be deceived by their eyesight, and neglect to examine a vessel minutely. They go on board and find everything apparently fresh and new, and conclude the ship is all right, whereas, in many instances, if they would only take the trouble to raise a plank or two, and thrust a knife into the sides of the vessel, they would find the wood crumble to pieces like touchwood. "The embarkation number of the family from the ‘Java’ was 3630.
Record of Julihanna's marriage to John Rowe
The journey out was not pleasant, as described by two passengers in diaries. The diaries were made by a William Richards and James Trangmar. James took an instant dislike to Cornish emigrants on board, recording on the very day they set sail, “October 28th…more disturbances amongst us. I begin to have a very bad opinion of ourPlymouth Emigrants, the greater part of them are Cornish people, and many of them are miners, they are a very uncouth and dissatisfied lot of people.”On the 25th November, James’ diary recorded: “There are great quantities of flying fish constantly about the vessel today. Sometimes they rise singly from the water and at other times in large flocks, looking in the distance like flocks of birds – they look to be about the size and form of mackerel. We have a fine working breeze S. E. and by E. and are in hopes we have fallen in with the other trades although still North of the line.”
The diary entry for William Richards is so very different for the same day – even when he records the death of another ‘gentleman passenger’ there was no matching note of the event in the diary of James Trangmar. William’s diary states as follows: “Caught the S.E. trades. Child died. Mr Watson, Gentn passenger died leaving a wife and 3 children bound to Bathurst having purchased Land there prior to leaving England. When the coffin was thrown overboard, owing to the 5, 181b shot which ran to the foot, the lid flew open and the coffin, with the Body went off erect under water but did not sink. Ship in sight going west, the first we have seen since the 10th.” At some stage he added in the left hand margin of his diary, a sad note about Mr Watson:” Mr Watson was in the habitof spitting blood and nothing but a milk diet prevented it. Previous to his leaving England he paid £250 for his passage with a written agreement signed by the owners and Captn. That he should be supplied with a quart of milk a day. This he had for a week or two, when it was cut off, that the calf might be reared – he soon flaged.”
William was the next to make an entry in his diary: “November 26th. Fine and squally. This day, while at dinner a large ship bore on us. An alarm was given to get letters ready for England. She turned out to be a Dutchman homeward bound. Several vessels seen ahead. We are all covered with a rash which prevents fever. We are in the best part of the ship having free air from the cabin windows which are left open day and night. The Captain is very careful when the squalls come, to avoid them and recover his course again. December 9th. Passed the tropic of Capricorn this morning, steering SSE with a fine wind all day…December 10th. About 5 o’clock this morning saw the spout of a sperm whale several times…December 21st. E. Ahead, great complaints about the provisions, beef thrown overboard, pork stinking. Dr Martin very haughty. The supposed ladies in the cuddy discovered to be bad characters.”
James made an entry on December 22nd: “We are nearing the Cape very fast, the weather is much colder. Another man in irons for insulting the third mate.” William was next on December 23rd: “Christmas eve a double allowance of grog, 1/21b of flour, 1 oz of raisins, ½ oz of suet each.” The next day, Christmas Eve, William recorded: “Puddings, drunkards discovered, too many on board breaking out in boils.”
James wrote at length about Christmas Day: "We have had up to this day a continuation of fine breezes and are making fine progress to rounding the Cape. The day (though much colder than it has been) is so different from the weather that we have been accustomed to at this time of year, that I hardly believe it to be Christmas Day. I spent the morning with Aunt and Uncle and the afternoon and evening with the Intermediates. An unpleasant scene occurred just as we were going to sit down to tea --one of the French passengers came and took a pie out of the Mess chest to take to his cabin. Mr. Walters, the president of the mess, seeing him asked him what he was going to do with it. He immediately threw the pie in his face and followed it up by collaring him and forcing him down the forms. I was the only one near him, so I plunged in, caught the Frenchman by the arms and swung him against the cabins. I stood before Mr. Walters till he had recovered his feet, but the Frenchman did not attempt to touch him. We afterwards spent a very pleasant evening and I enjoyed myself very much."
James completed his diary with entries over the next two days: " February 5th. We have been bearing away well to the South all night, and we now have got a fair wind to run into Investigator's Strait abreast of Cape Border 5 o'clock after running 8 knots an hour, running a race with the ship "Rajasthan", who entered the Straits at the same time as ourselves --- we spoke to her with signals, she has been out 2 days more than us. February 6th I was on deck all last night, tracing the land (Kangaroo Island) as we ran up the strait --- at times we were running 10 knots an hour. At day break the "Rajasthan" was four miles astern, we had a beautiful view of the coast all the morning. It appears to be just what it has been described to be --- very much like parkland --- in some places there is scarce a tree to be seen for miles, but from the masthead I thought the interior very thickly wooded."'
William made the following final entries in his diary:“5th. Made Kangaroo Island, vessel in sight, overtook and proved to be the "Rajasthan (sic) with emigrants from London. sailed three days before us, got in abreast of the island 6 p.m. 6th. No sleep all night. Got up 3 o'clock. Beat the "Rajasthan", went up the gulf in fine style, anchored in Holdfast Bay, opposite Glenelg 1/4 before 8 a.m. and the "Rajasthan" 20 minutes after us along side, had a shower of rain just after we anchored.We did not go on shore before Saturday afternoon. The Governor came aboard, very disgusted at the starving faces of the children, and the languishing women. We were permitted to go on shore on account of the 3 children with Hooping cough (sic) poor little things nearly starved, had we been a week longer at sea they surely must have died. George and Laura we had no hope of, but the change of air with good nourishing food got them about again. The rest of the emigrants were not allowed to come ashore for a week or more. several of the children died since on shore but I did not keep account. I have abridged my Journal to make room for writing and have omitted the shameful conduct and treatment of the Doctor, Captain and three officers or mates towards the emigrants and crew. The crew left the ship; some are in jail and the rest in the mountains. The doctor of the ship, Mr. Smith has stayed behind in love with Miss Watson. He was obliged to keep close until the ship sailed.”'
Governor Gawler, as William Richards and the newspapers indicated, was very disgusted at the treatment , or perhaps better said, lack of good treatment of the emigrants. He initiated an immediate Medical Board to enquire into the events that had occurred on board the "JAVA".
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A section of Julihanna's divorce petition
Thebarton / Reedbeds[]
Once Julihanna and family left the Java, it appears they settled in the Thebarton area for 3 years. Section 425 at Thebarton/Richmond is recorded as a miner’s village on the CD of SA 1840 Cultivators. ‘John Rowe and others’ are listed as residing there. No crops are listed as being grown, but the extent of the property is given as twenty-eight acres with bank, ditch, posts and rails. Three wells are recorded on the property, each sixteen feet deep, including three feet of water. Three cottages are recorded on the property, which indicates that the family was possibly sharing the property with two other families. Julihanna appears with her family at Thebarton in the first recorded census for Adelaide in 1841. She is listed as a female under 35, husband John as a male over 50 (which was incorrect), son John as a male under 14, daughters Elizabeth and Julianna as females under 14, and daughter Catherine as a female under 7. Son Thomas appears to have died by this time. It appears that he did arrive in South Australia as he is listed on the passenger lists, but maybe died soon after his arrival. There is a burial in the West Terrace Cemetary that appears to confirm this - dated 14th June 1841 - ROWE Child of Mrs, aged 8 months of Section 425.
Although recorded at Section 425 at Thebarton/Richmond in the SA 1840 Cultivators and the 1841 census, it is said that after three years, the family moved a little further south to Reedbeds at the mouth of the Torrens River, where they stayed for seven or eight years. This is hard to reconcile with the fact that the next 4 children (Thomas, Emma, Charlotte and Matilda) were all recorded as being born at Section 425. Perhaps a search of the land titles office will assist in determining how far section 425 covered and if John had land in theReedbeds area.
Julihanna in later life
Theft of Cow[]
In February 1846, husband John was charged with the theft of a bull calf, the property of Enoch Fry. This was reported in several local South Australian newspapers at the time. When the calf had disappeared, Enoch Fry advertised its loss in the newspaper, asking anyone who found it to return it. John claimed that he had found the cow wandering with other cattle near Heritage, Little Para while he was building a stone hut. (John had recently bought land in the area and was likely preparing it for his family's arrival). John claimed that because he was illiterate, he was unable to read the notice in the newspaper about the loss of the calf.
John did understand however the use of owner's initials in branding cattle, and when it was discovered that the calf had previously been branded with Enoch Fry's brand (and John's brand was over the top), John changed his story. He would do this several times and statements from witnesses of both parties were also contradictory. The matter was sent to trial as a result.
Julihannah and possibly some of their daughters attended the trial and were dramatic in their responses to John's accusers. Julihanna waved her fists at them and the girls cried out and interjected regularly. John was found guilty and sent to prison for two months at hard labour.
John was charged again in September of the same year. On this occasion, he was charged with using threats to Elizabeth Grey, a woman who lived on Section 425 near John and his family. Elizabeth Grey's husband had been involved in the prosecution of John for the cow theft, and animosity had grown between the two families. They were regularly heard by various witnesses to curse each other. On this occasion, the charge was dismissed.
Golden Grove[]
The land that John was likely building the stone hut on (as stated in the newspapers about the trial) was Lot 218, Section 2158 at Golden Grove, approximately 80 acres. John had purchased the land in 1846 and his purchase was published in the Adelaide Observer newspaper on 11th April 1846. Because of the animosity that had grown between him and others who lived on Section 425, the family may have sped up their plans to move there.
This is indicated in a letter that John sent to a brother back in England dated December 8th 1846. As John was illiterate, it is likely that someone transcribed the letter on his behalf. The letter was published in the South Australian Gazette and Mining Journal on Christmas Day 1847. It said the following:
"My wife was brought to be on the 16th November of a girl and she is now well again. We have had four girls since we left England, and makes our number of children seven; John is the only boy, and he has been working with me at the mines for the last three winters, and for the last six months we have got between us four pounds ten shillings per week. I now intend to stop at home for I have bought a section of 80 acres of land, number 2156, and shall get a house built on it in about three months, and shall remove there to feed out cattle. We have got 30 head, 10 milch cows, four working oxen, the others are young cows, the price of cows are from 4 pounds to 6 pounds, oxen 10 pounds to 12 pounds; wheat is 6s to 7s a bushel; barley 3s 6d to 4s; it makes no difference to us about the price of corn, for we grow enough for ourselves on our present little farm. Common labourer's wages in this part at 36s a week. Miner's wages have for sometime been 3 pounds a week - the mines are all looking prosperous and miners are likely to do well. I like this country so well that it is not likely that I shall England again. I should wish you to come out to us as we are doing so well, and you would be sure to do we I too, and being my only brother I should do all I could for you. Write me when you receive this to say if you are coming, which we all hope you will do. I am, your affectionate brother - John Rowe."
The daughter mentioned in the letter was Matilda, born on the 26th November and not the 16th. The section of land was also incorrectly quoted as 2156 rather than 2158. There were also several grammatical and spelling errors in the letter on the part of the transcriber. As the details of John's brother are unknown, it is not known if he did come out to Australia.
Section 2158 at Golden Grove begins at the current intersection of Golden Grove Road and Greenwith Road. Three quarters of the property was on the left-hand side of Golden Grove Road and a quarter of it was on the right-hand side. Cobbler’s Creek runs through the area. The Rowe property at Golden Grove was known as ‘Spring Bottom’, as mentioned in the Register Personal Notices for one of his daughter’s marriages. John and family were living there by 1848 as children William and Thomas Peter were both born there.
Gold[]
On October 29th 1853, the South Australian Government Gazette published a list of people who had lost their SA Gold Escort receipts or failed to claim their gold from the Gold Escort by October 29th, 1853. The Gold Escort was a scheme where gold found on the Victorian Goldfield by miners from South Australia could have their gold sent back to South Australia, rather than try to sell it in Victoria. John was originally a miner by trade and may have spent some time on the goldfields.
A J. Rowe is listed as not having claimed 19 ounces of gold from the escort, most likely the 7th escort across the country and that he had assigned the gold to himself in October 1852. It is possible that this is husband John. If it is, why he did not claim the gold is unknown.
It was around this time that John and wife Julihanna appeared to start having troubles in their marriage. On the 24th November 1853, John placed an advert in the South Australian Register newspaper saying he would no longer be responsible for any of her debts.
Julihanna's grave stone in the Greenplains cemetery
Petition for Divorce[]
John appears to have been quite abusive towards his wife Julianna & she petitioned divorce proceedings on 1st July 1869. Under the Matrimonial Act, 1858 divorce was permissible in cases of adultery, cruelty or desertion without cause after two years. Wives could be awarded alimony from guilty husbands, and husbands could claim for damages against adulterous male parties. Julianna’s petition, through Adelaide solicitor Thomas H Hosier, claimed the following:-
“That in or about the month of October, one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight at Gawler River, while your petitioner was keeping house for her sons William Rowe and Thomas Rowe the said John Rowe without any provocation took up a rail and used violent and abusive language towards your petitioner and swore he would murder her, when your petitioner called to her two sons for help, upon which the said John Rowe went away.”
“That in or about the month of March one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight the said John Rowe committed adultery with one Martha Barnes at Golden Grove aforesaid.”
“That in and during the months of March and April one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight the said John Rowe frequently committed adultery with the said Martha Barnes at Golden Grove aforesaid.”John had a child out of wedlock with Martha Barnes, who Julianna had named in the petition. The child’s name was Alfred Barnes, born on 21.12.1868 at Norwood. His birth is also registered under the name of Alfred Rowe and John is named on the registration as the father.
Greenplains[]
As a result of the separation and divorce, Julihanna moved to Greenplains on the Yorke Peninsula to live with her daughter, Emma. She was live only two more years and it was in Greenplains that she died and was buried in 1871. Her cause of death was recorded as fever. Julihanna was survived by 8 children (3 were already deceased), who eventually produced 76 recorded grandchildren. Of those grandchildren, at least 6 were named Julihanna.
Children[]
| Name | Birth | Death |
| Children of John & Julihanna Rowe
| ||
| Elizabeth | baptised 26/11/1830 baptised St Day, Cornwall |
25/01/1881 Adelaide, South Australia
|
| John | baptised 10/06/1832 baptised Gwennap, Cornwall |
unknown unknown
|
| Julianna | baptised 30/03/1834 baptised St Day, Cornwall |
20/01/1868 Carclew, South Australia
|
| Thomas | baptised 25/12/1836 baptised St Day, Cornwall |
before 1842 unknown
|
| Catherine Margaret | 29/04/1840 Thebarton, South Australia |
01/01/1902 Nhill, Victoria
|
| Thomas | April 1842 Section 425 Adelaide, South Australia |
12/06/1842 Section 425 Adelaide, South Australia
|
| Emma | 04/04/1843 Richmond, South Australia |
10/12/1925 Kadina, South Australia
|
| Charlotte | 25/10/1844 Section 425 Adelaide, South Australia |
03/12/1912 Heywood, Victoria
|
| Matilda | 26/11/1846 Section 425 Adelaide, South Australia |
30/10/1929 Ballarat, Victoria
|
| William | 23/11/1848 Section 2158 Little Para, South Australia |
1933 Nhill, Victoria
|
| Thomas Peter | 16/07/1850 Little Para, South Australia |
30/10/1906 Oodlawirra, South Australia |
References[]
- Birth, Death and Marriage records
- Baptism records
- Newspaper of Truro
- Java sailing card
- Weekly Dispatch, November 3rd 1839
- Diaries of William Richards and James Trangmar
- Land Records
- Register Personal Notices
- Petition for divorce submitted by Julianna Rowe (nee Long)
- Will of John Rowe