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Leningrad Oblast
Ленинградская область (Russian)
—  Oblast  —
Flag of Leningrad Oblast
Flag
Coat of arms of Leningrad Oblast
Coat of arms
Anthem: none[1]
Leningrad in Russia
Coordinates: 60°03′N 31°45′E / 60.05, 31.75Coordinates: 60°03′N 31°45′E / 60.05, 31.75
Political status
Country Russia
Federal district Northwestern[2]
Economic region Northwestern[3]
Established August 1, 1927[4]
Administrative center None
Government (as of October 2014)
 - Governor[5] Alexander Drozdenko[6]
 - Legislature Legislative Assembly[7]
Statistics
Area (as of the 2002 Census)[8]
 - Total 84,500 km2 (32,625.6 sq mi)
Area rank 38th
Population (2010 Census)[9]
 - Total 1,716,868
 - Rank 26th
 - Density[10] 20.32 /km2 (52.6 /sq mi)
 - Urban 65.7%
 - Rural 34.3%
Population (January 2014 est.)1,763,900 inhabitants[11]
Time zone(s) MSK (UTC+04:00)[12]
ISO 3166-2 RU-LEN
License plates 47
Official languages Russian[13]
Official website

Leningrad Oblast (Russian: Ленингра́дская о́бласть, tr. Leningradskaya oblast’, IPA: [lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It was established on August 1, 1927, although it was not until 1946 that the oblast's borders had been mostly settled in their present position. The oblast was named after the city of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg).

The oblast overlaps the historic region of Ingria and is bordered by Finland in the northwest, Estonia in the west, as well as five federal subjects of Russia: the Republic of Karelia in the northeast, Vologda Oblast in the east, Novgorod Oblast in the south, Pskov Oblast in the southwest, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg in the west.

The first governor of Leningrad Oblast was Vadim Gustov (in 1996–1998). The current governor, since 2012, is Alexander Drozdenko.

The oblast has an area of 84,500 square kilometers (32,600 sq mi) and a population of 1,716,868 (2010 Census);[9] up from 1,669,205 recorded in the 2002 Census.[14] The most populous town of the oblast is Gatchina, with 88,659 inhabitants (as of the 2002 Census).[14] Leningrad Oblast is highly industrialized.

History[]

Pre-Leningrad Oblast[]

Вид на крепость и пришвартованная ладья

The fortress in Staraya Ladoga

The territory of present-day Leningrad Oblast was populated shortly after the end of the Weichsel glaciation and now hosts numerous archaeological remnants.[15][16][17] The Volga trade route and trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks crossed the territory. Staraya Ladoga, the first capital of legendary Rurik, founded in the 8th-9th century, is situated in the east of the oblast, on the Volkhov River.

In the 12th-15th century, the territory was divided between the Kingdom of Sweden and Novgorod Republic (see Swedish-Novgorodian Wars) and mostly populated mostly by various Baltic Finns people such as Karelians (northwest), Izhorians and Votes (west), Vepsians (east), as well as Ilmen Slavs of Novgorod (south). During the Russo-Swedish Wars of the 15th-17th centuries, the border moved back and forth over the land.

The central part of the territory is known as the historical region of Ingria (or the land of Izhora) and in the 17th century, after most of the present-day territory of Leningrad Oblast was captured by Sweden with the Treaty of Stolbovo of 1617, became subject to substantial Finnish Lutheran population influx from Finnish Karelia (which included Karelian Isthmus, the northwestern part of present-day Leningrad Oblast) and Savonia. Ingrian Finns soon became the dominant ethnic group.

During the Great Northern War (1700–1721) the territory of what is now Leningrad Oblast was returned from Sweden by Russia under Peter the Great, who founded Saint Petersburg amidst the land in 1703, which soon became the capital of the Russian Empire. In 1708, most of the territory was organized into Ingermanland Governorate under Governor General Alexander Menshikov. It was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710 (the borders of that governorate, however, differed very significantly from those of the present-day oblast and included much of the areas of current Novgorod, Pskov, and Vologda Oblasts). In 1721, the territorial concessions of Sweden were confirmed with the Treaty of Nystad.

The life of the countryside was greatly influenced by the vicinity of the imperial capital, which became a growing market for its agricultural production as well as the main consumer of its mineral and forest resources. In 1719–1810, Ladoga Canal was dug between the Svir River and the Neva River as part of the Volga-Baltic waterway to bypass stormy waters of Lake Ladoga. Since the advent of the rail transport in the late 19th century, the areas in the vicinity of Saint Petersburg had been a popular summer resort destinations (dachas) for its residents. However, while Saint Petersburg itself from the very beginning was populated mostly by Russians, it was not until the 20th century that its surrounding population was Russified.

In 1914, with the beginning of World War I, Saint Petersburg was renamed Petrograd and the governorate was accordingly renamed Petrograd Governorate. After the Russian Revolution, in 1918, the capital was transferred from Petrograd to Moscow, farther from the borders of the country. In 1919, during the Russian Civil War, the Northwestern White Army advancing from Estonia and led by Nikolai Yudenich tried to capture Petrograd and even managed to reach its southern outskirts, but the attack against the Red Army under Leon Trotsky ultimately failed, and Yudenich retreated back. The border with Estonia was established in the Russian-Estonian Treaty of Tartu of 1920. Ingrian Finns of North Ingria attempted to secede in 1918–1920, but were incorporated back with the Russian-Finnish Treaty of Tartu, which settled the border between Finland and Soviet Russia. In 1924, Petrograd was renamed Leningrad and Petrograd Governorate was again renamed accordingly (Leningrad Governorate).

Leningrad Oblast[]

File:Leningrad Oblast and Leningrad 1940.jpg

Leningrad Oblast and Leningrad in 1940

Oredezh river

The Oredezh River near Siversky

Leningrad Oblast was established on August 1, 1927 by the resolutions of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the Establishment of Leningrad Oblast" and "On the Borders and Composition of the Okrugs of Leningrad Oblast"[4] by merging Cherepovets, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novgorod, and Pskov Governorates. The territory of the oblast corresponded to the modern territories of the present-day Leningrad Oblast (with the exception of the Karelian Isthmus and the territories along the border with Estonia), Novgorod Oblast, Pskov Oblast, parts of Vologda Oblast, most of Murmansk Oblast, and the federal city of Saint Petersburg. The total area of the oblast was 360,400 square kilometres (139,200 sq mi);[18] more than four times larger than the modern entity. Administratively, the oblast was divided into nine okrugs (Borovichi, Cherepovets, Leningrad, Lodeynoye Pole, Luga, Murmansk, Novgorod, Pskov, and Velikiye Luki), each of which was in turn subdivided into districts.[18]

In 1929, Velikoluksky District was transferred to newly formed Western Oblast. Leningrad was administratively separated from Leningrad Oblast in December 1931. In 1935 five southernmost districts were made part of Kalinin Oblast. In 1936 some parts of the territory of Leningrad Suburban District of Leningrad was returned to Leningrad Oblast and divided into Vsevolozhsky District, Krasnoselsky District, Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944). Vologda Oblast, which has included the easternmost districts of Leningrad Oblast (former Cherepovets Governorate), was created in 1937. Murmansk Oblast was excluded from Leningrad Oblast in 1938.

In the fall of 1934, the Forbidden Border Zone along the western border of the Soviet Union was established, where nobody could appear without special permission issued by the NKVD. It was officially only 7.5 km deep initially, but along the Estonian border it extended to as much as 90 km. The zone was to be free of Finnic and some other peoples, who were considered politically unreliable.[19][20] Starting from the 1929, the Soviet authorities carried out mass deportations of the Ingrian Finnish population of the oblast, which constituted majority in many rural localities as late as in the beginning of the century, to the east, replacing them with people from other parts of the Soviet Union.

On November 30, 1939, the Soviet Union waged the Winter War against neighboring Finland and with the Moscow Peace Treaty in 1940 gained some territories, including Karelian Isthmus. Their Karelian population was hastily evacuated to inner Finland and later replaced with people from other parts of the Soviet Union. A small part of the territory (the municipalities of Kanneljärvi, Koivisto and Rautu) was incorporated into Leningrad Oblast, the rest being included within the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic.

In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in the Operation Barbarossa, and shortly thereafter the territory became place of the Battle of Leningrad. Wehrmacht captured the southwestern part of the oblast and reached Tikhvin in the east, while Finnish troops quickly recaptured the ceded territories in the Continuation War, encircling Leningrad from the land. In 1944 Soviet offensives managed to expel Wehrmacht and put military pressure on Finland, which ceded Karelian Isthmus again with the Moscow Armistice of September 19, 1944. This time the gained territories of the isthmus was incorporated within Leningrad Oblast (Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts). In 1947 the territorial gains were confirmed with the Paris Peace Treaty. Novgorod and Pskov Oblasts were formed out of the southern parts of Leningrad Oblast in 1944. In January 1945 a small part of the Estonian SSR to the east of the River Narva with the town of Jaanilinn (now Ivangorod) was transferred to the Russian SFSR and incorporated into Leningrad Oblast. Since then, the territory of Leningrad Oblast hasn't changed much, although some suburbs of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) have been excluded from the oblast and incorporated into the city.[21] In October 1946 Leningrad gained from the oblast some former Finnish territories along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland divided into Sestroretsky District and Kurortny District, including the town of Terijoki.

In 1953, Pavlovsky District of the oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory including Pavlovsk were made subordinate to Leningrad. In 1954 the settlements Levashovo, Pargolovo and Pesochny were also transferred to Leningrad. In 1956 Boksitogorsky District of Leningrad Oblast gained a small territory of Novgorod Oblast. Uritsk was transferred from the oblast to the city of Leningrad in 1963, Krasnoye Selo and several settlements nearby—in 1973, Lomonosov—in 1978.

After a referendum in 1991, the city of Leningrad was renamed back to Saint Petersburg, but Leningrad Oblast retained its name.

First secretaries of the Leningrad Oblast CPSU Committee[]

In the period when they were the most important authority in the oblast (1927 to 1991), the following first secretaries were appointed,[22]

  • 1927-1934 Sergey Mironovich Kirov, assassinated
  • 1934-1945 Andrey Andreyevich Zhdanov
  • 1945-1946 Alexey Alexandrovich Kuznetsov, subsequently executed
  • 1946-1949 Pyotr Sergeyevich Popkov, subsequently executed
  • 1949-1953 Vasily Mikhaylovich Andrianov
  • 1953-1957 Frol Romanovich Kozlov
  • 1957-1962 Ivan Vasilyevich Spiridonov
  • 1962-1970 Vasily Sergeyevich Tolstikov
  • 1970-1983 Grigory Vasilyevich Romanov
  • 1983-1985 Lev Nikolayevich Zaykov
  • 1985-1989 Yury Filippovich Solovyov
  • 1989-1991 Boris Veniaminovich Gidaspov

Governors[]

Since 1991, governors were sometimes appointed, and sometimes elected,[23]

  • 1991-1996 Alexander Semyonovich Belyakov, head of the administration, appointed;
  • 1996-1998 Vadim Anatolyevich Gustov, governor, elected;
  • 1998-2012 Valery Pavlovich Serdyukov, governor, elected, then appointed;
  • 2012- Alexander Yuryevich Drozdenko, appointed.[24]

Nature[]

Flora[]

The most taxonomically diverse vascular plant families are Asteraceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae and Rosaceae. By far the most diverse genus is Carex (68 species). The diversity in genera Hieracium (with Pilosella), Ranunculus (with Batrachium), Alchemilla, Galium, Potamogeton, Salix, Veronica, Viola, Juncus, Artemisia, Potentilla, Rumex, Festuca, Epilobium, Poa, Trifolium, Campanula, Vicia, Lathyrus, Geranium is also considerable. The territory has no endemic plant taxa. Vascular plant species of Leningrad Oblast listed in the red data book of Russia are Botrychium simplex, Cephalanthera rubra, Cypripedium calceolus, Epipogium aphyllum, Lobelia dortmanna, Myrica gale, Ophrys insectifera, Orchis militaris, Pulsatilla pratensis, Pulsatilla vernalis. [1]

Administrative divisions[]

Leningrad Oblast, Russia Flag of Leningrad Oblast
Administrative center:[25] None
As of 2014:[26]
# of districts
(районы)
17
# of cities/towns
(города)
31
# of urban-type settlements
(посёлки городского типа)
32
# of volosts
(волости)
205
As of 2002:[27]
# of rural localities
(сельские населённые пункты)
2,908
# of uninhabited rural localities
(сельские населённые пункты без населения)
137

Administratively, Leningrad Oblast is divided into seventeen districts and a town of oblast significance, Sosnovy Bor. Lomonosovsky District is the only one in Russia which has its administrative center (the town of Lomonosov) located in the area of a different subject of Russian Federation (the federal city of Saint Petersburg, which is not a part of Leningrad Oblast).

In terms of the area, the biggest administrative district is Podporozhsky District (7,706 square kilometres (2,975 sq mi)); the smallest one is Lomonosovsky District (1,919 square kilometres (741 sq mi)).

Administrative divisions[]

Leningrad Oblast was formed on December 7, 1934. Administratively, Leningrad Oblast is divided into seventeen districts and one town of oblast significance (Sosnovy Bor). In terms of area, the largest administrative district is Podporozhsky (7,706 square kilometers (2,975 sq mi)), and the smallest is Lomonosovsky (1,919 square kilometers (741 sq mi)).

Lomonosovsky District is the only district in Russia which has its administrative center (the town of Lomonosov) located within a different federal subject. While the district is a part of Leningrad Oblast, Lomonosov is located within the federal city of St. Petersburg.


Urban Okrugs (Circles)

Coat of Arms Name of
Urban okrug
Area
(km²)
Population
(2013).
Population
Rank
I Coat of Arms of Sosnovy Bor (Leningrad oblast) Sosnovy Bor 71.98 68 045 11

Relief Map of Leningrad Oblast

Coat of Arms of Boksitogorsky rayon (Leningrad oblast) Boksitogorsk
Coat of Arms of Volosovo rayon (Leningrad oblast)
Volosovo
Coat of Arms of Volkhov rayon (Leningrad oblast)
Volkhov
Coat of arms of Vsevolojsky district, Leningrad oblast, Russia
Vsevolozhsk
Coat of Arms of Vyborg rayon (Leningrad oblast)
/Vyborg
Coat of Arms of Gatchina rayon (Leningrad oblast)
Gatchina
KingrnGerb
Kingisepp
Budogoshch gerbKirishi
Coat of Arms of Kirovsk rayon (Leningrad oblast) Kirovsk
Coat of Arms of Lodeinoe Pole (Leningrad oblast)
Lodeynoe Pole
Coat of Arms of Lomonosov rayon (Leningrad oblast)Lomonosov
Coat of arms of Luzhsky district
Luga
Coat of Arms of Podporozhsky rayon (Leningrad oblast) Podporozhye
Gerb priozersk raion
Priozersk
Coat of Arms of Slantsevo rayon (Leningrad oblast)Slantsy
Coat of Arms of Tikhvin (Leningrad oblast) (1773)Tikhvin
Coat of Arms of Tosno (Leningrad oblast)Tosno



Rayons (Districts):

Coat of Arms Name of rayon Area
(km²)
Area
rank
Population
'000 (2013)
Population
rank
Аdministrative
center
Population
1 Coat of Arms of Boksitogorsky rayon (Leningrad oblast) Boksitogorsk Rayon 7201.74 3 50 412 15 Boksitogorsk 15 406
2 Coat of Arms of Volosovo rayon (Leningrad oblast) Volosovo Rayon 2680.53 14 51 923 14 Volosovo 12 148
3 Coat of Arms of Volkhov rayon (Leningrad oblast) Volkhov Rayon 5124.65 6 91 268 6 Volkhov 45 195
4 Coat of arms of Vsevolojsky district, Leningrad oblast, Russia Vsevolozhsk Rayon 2945.00 12 326 753 1 Vsevolozhsk 70 392
5 Coat of Arms of Vyborg rayon (Leningrad oblast) Vyborg Rayon 7546.04 2 202 776 3 Vyborg 78 547
6 Coat of Arms of Gatchina rayon (Leningrad oblast) Gatchina Rayon 2891.81 13 245 619 2 Gatchina 95 178
7 KingrnGerb Kingisepp Rayon 2907.14 11 78 697 7 Kingisepp 47 312
8 Budogoshch gerb Kirishi Rayon 3045.30 10 63 666 12 Kirishi 51 930
9 Coat of Arms of Kirovsk rayon (Leningrad oblast) Kirovsk Rayon 2590.46 15 105 084 5 Kirovsk 25 968
10 Coat of Arms of Lodeinoe Pole (Leningrad oblast) Lodeynoe Pole Rayon 4910.95 7 29 223 18 Lodeynoe Pole 19 671
11 Coat of Arms of Lomonosov rayon (Leningrad oblast) Lomonosov Rayon 1919.17 17 69 861 9 Lomonosov
12 Coat of arms of Luzhsky district Luga 6006.00 5 74 117 8 Luga 35 784
13 Coat of Arms of Podporozhsky rayon (Leningrad oblast) Podporozhye Rayon 7705.50 1 29 732 17 Podporozhye 17 678
14 Gerb priozersk raion Priozersk Rayon 3597.03 9 62 039 13 Priozersk 18 616
15 Coat of Arms of Slantsevo rayon (Leningrad oblast) Slantsy Rayon 2191.09 16 43 229 16 Slantsy 32 838
16 Coat of Arms of Tikhvin (Leningrad oblast) (1773) Tikhvin Rayon 7018.00 4 69 800 10 Tikhvin 57 900
17 Coat of Arms of Tosno (Leningrad oblast) Tosno Rayon 3655.97 8 129 682 4 Tosno 37 875

Municipal divisions[]

The municipal divisions of Leningrad Oblast are identical with its administrative divisions. All of the administrative districts of Leningrad Oblast are municipally incorporated as municipal districts, and the city of oblast significance is municipally incorporated as an urban okrug.

History[]

Until 1927[]

December 29 [O.S. December 18], 1708 Tsar Peter the Great issued an edict which established seven governorates.[28][29] The description of the borders of the governorates was not given; instead, their area was defined as a set of towns and the lands adjacent to those towns. The present area of Leningrad oblast was a part of Ingermanland Governorate, which was renamed Saint Petersburg Governorate in 1710. The governorates were subdivided into uyezds, and uyezds into volosts. Eventually, parts of Saint Petersburg Governorate were split off to form separate governorates, such as Novgorod, Pskov, or Olonets Governorates. Vyborg Governorate, which was split off early, in 1812 was included into the Grand Duchy of Finland as the Viipuri Province, and in 1918 became a part of independent Finland. In 1913, Saint Petersburg Governorate was renamed Petrograd, and in 1924 Leningrad Governorate.

The east and south of the current area of the oblast was transferred in 1727 to Moscow and Novgorod Governorates. After a sequence of administrative reforms, the northeastern part of the oblast ended up in 1801 in Olonets Governorate. In June 1918, five uyezds of Novgorod Governorate, including Tikhvinsky Uyezd, were split off to form Cherepovets Governorate, with the administrative center in Cherepovets. In 1922, Olonets Governorate was abolished, and Lodeynopolsky Uyezd (which contained all areas later transferred to Leningrad Oblast) was transferred to Petrograd Governorate. Thus, by 1927 the current area of the oblast was split between three governorates — Leningrad, Novgorod, and Cherepovets.

Additionally, the areas adjacent to the Narva River, including the town of Ivangorod, were assigned to Estonia in 1920, following the Estonian War of Independence and the Treaty of Tartu, signed on February 2, 1920.

1927—1944[]

On August 1, 1927 the governorates were abolished, and merged into newly established Leningrad Oblast, with the administrative center in Leningrad, which included the northwestern part of Russian Federation. The oblast was subdidived into 140 districts, which were grouped into nine okrugs,[30]

  • Borovichi Okrug (with the seat located in Borovichi);
  • Cherepovets Okrug (Cherepovets);
  • Leningrad Okrug (Leningrad);
  • Lodeynoye Pole Okrug (Lodeynoye Pole);
  • Luga Okrug (Luga);
  • Murmansk Okrug (Murmansk);
  • Novgorod Okrug (Veliky Novgorod);
  • Pskov Okrug (Pskov);
  • Velikiye Luki Okrug (Velikiye Luki).

Murmansk Okrug was not contiguous with the rest of Leningrad Oblast and was separated from it by the territory of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.[31] The areas where Leningrad Oblast was established belonged previously not only to Saint Petersburg, Novgorod, and Cherepovets Governorates, but also to Murmansk and Pskov Governorates.

The following districts have been established,[30]

  • In Borovichi Okrug: Belsky, Bologovsky, Borovichsky, Konchansky, Minetsky, Moshenskoy, Okulovsky, Opechensky, Orekhovsky, Rozhdestvensky, Torbinsky, Uglovsky, and Valdaysky.
  • In Cherepovets Okrug: Abakanovsky, Babayevsky, Belozersky, Borisovo-Sudsky, Cherepovetsky, Kaduysky, Kirillovsky, Myaksinsky, Nikolsko-Torzhsky, Pestovsky, Petrinyovsky, Petropavlovsky, Prisheksninsky, Sholsky, Ulomsky, Ustyzhensky, Vashkinsky, Verkhne-Chagodoshhensky, and Yefimovsky.
  • In Leningrad Okrug: Andreyevsky, Budogoshchensky, Detskoselsky, Kapshinsky, Kingiseppsky, Kolpinsky, Kotelsky, Kuyvozovsky, Leninsky, Lyubansky, Mginsky, Moloskovitsky, Oraniyenbaumsky, Pargolovsky, Pikalyovsky, Tikhvinsky, Trotsky, Uritsky, Volosovsky, Volkhovsky, and Zhukovsky.
  • In Lodeynoye Pole Okrug: Andomsky, Kovzhinsky, Lodeynopolsky, Oshtinsky, Pashsky, Podporozhsky, Shapshinsky, Vinnitsky, Voznesensky, Vytegorsky.
  • In Luga Okrug: Batetsky, Gdovsky, Luzhsky, Lyadsky, Oredezhsky, Osminsky, Plyussky, Polnovsky, Rudnensky, Strugo-Krasnensky, and Utorgoshsky.
  • In Murmansk Okrug: Aleksandrovsky, Kolsko-Loparsky, Lovozersky, Ponoysky, Teribersky, and Tersky.
  • In Novgorod Okrug: Belebyolkovsky, Bronnitsky, Chyornovsky, Chudovsky, Demyansky, Krestetsky, Luzhensky, Malovishersky, Medvedsky, Molvotitsky, Novgorodsky, Poddorsky, Podgoshchsky, Polnovo-Seligersky, Polskoy, Soletsky, Starorussky, Volotovsky, and Zaluchsky.
  • In Pskov Okrug: Bezhanitsky, Chikhachyovsky, Dedovichsky, Dnovsky, Karamyshevsky, Krasnogorodsky, Kudeversky, Novorzhevsky, Novoselsky, Opochetsky, Ostrovsky, Palkinsky, Porkhovsky, Pskovsky, Pushkinsky, Seryodkinsky, Slavkovsky, and Vyborsky.
  • In Velikiye Luki Okrug: Bologovsky, Idritsky, Ilyinsky, Kholmsky, Kunyinsky, Leninsky, Loknyansky, Nasvinsky, Nevelsky, Novosokolnichesky, Oktyabrsky, Porechyevsky, Pustoshkinsky, Rykovsky, Sebezhsky, Sovetsky, Toropetsky, Troitsky, Tsevelsky, Usmynsky, Usvyatsky, Velizhsky, and Velikoluksky.

On October 1, 1929 Velikiye Luki Okrug was transferred to newly established Western Oblast.[32] On August 15, 1930, the okrugs were abolished as well (with the exception of Murmansk Okrug), and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast.[33] Subsequently, the administrative divisions were merged and split on a regular basis, so that some districts were abolished, and others were established. On September 23, 1937 Vologda Oblast was established, and eastern districts of Leningrad Oblast were transferred to Vologda Oblast.[34] On May 28, 1938 Murmansk Oblast was established, and the districts which belonged to Murmansk Okrug were transferred there.[35] Between 1938 and 1944, the area of Leningrad Oblast approximately corresponded to the current area of Leningrad, Pskov, and Novgorod Oblasts.

On March 22, 1935 Pskov and Kingisepp Okrugs, adjacent to the state borders, were established. In September 1940, both were abolished.[33]

After the Winter War in 1940, some areas which previously belonged to independent Finland were ceded to the Soviet Union, in particular, to Leningrad Oblast and to the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic.

During World War II, considerable areas of Leningrad Oblast were occupied by German and Finnish troops and thus were outside the jurisdiction of the oblast.

After 1944[]

On July 5, 1944, Novgorod Oblast, and on August 23, 1944 Pskov Oblast were established. The areas of Estonia adjacent to the Narva River, including the town of Ivangorod, were transferred to Leningrad Oblast on November 24, 1944. They were shared between Slantsevsky (south) and Kingiseppsky (north) Districts.[36] On the same day some areas, which are now parts of Vyborgsky and Priozersky Districts, were transferred from the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic to Leningrad Oblast. In 1948-1949, most of the names of Finnish origin were replaced by made-up Russian names. After 1944, some areas which belonged to Leningrad Oblast, were on several occasions transferred to the federal city of Saint Petersburg.

Abolished districts[]

After 1927 (with the exception of the aborted reform of 1963-1965) borders between the districts sometimes were modified, and as a result some of the districts were abolished. This list includes the districts which existed in the current area of Leningrad Oblast.

  • Budogoshchensky District (the administrative center in the urban-type settlement of Budogoshch), established in 1927, abolished in 1932, split between Dregelsky and Kirishsky Districts.[37]
  • Detskoselsky District (the town of Detskoye Selo), established in 1927, abolished in 1930, split between Tosnensky, Krasnogvardeysky, and Leningradsky Prigorodny Districts.[38]
  • Kapshinsky District (the settlement of Shugozero), established in 1927, abolished in 1963, split between Boksitogorsky and Tikhvinsky Districts.[39]
  • Kolpinsky District (the town of Kolpino), established in 1927, abolished in 1930, split between Tosnensky and Leningradsky Prigorodny Districts.[40]
  • Kotelsky District (the selo of Kotly), established in 1927, abolished in 1931, merged into Kingiseppsky District.[41]
  • Krasnoselsky District (the town of Krasnoye Selo), established in 1936, abolished in 1955, merged into Lomonosovsky District.[42]
  • Leningradsky Prigorodny District (the city of Leningrad), established in 1930, abolished in 1936, split between the city of Leningrad, and Krasnoselsky, Slutsky, Pargolovsky, Vsevolozhsky, and Mginsky Districts.[43]
  • Leninsky District (the settlement of Vsevolozhskoye), established in 1927, abolished in 1930, merged into Leningradsky Prigorodny District.[44]
  • Lesogorsky District (the urban-type settlement of Lesogorsky), established in 1940 as Yaskinsky District and a part of the Karelian ASSR, later of the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic, transferred to Leningrad Oblastin 1944, renamed in 1948, abolished in 1960, merged into Vyborgsky District.[45]
  • Lyubansky District (the town of Lyuban), established in 1927, abolished in 1930, merged into Tosnensky District.[46]
  • Mginsky District (the settlement of Mga), established in 1927, abolished in 1960, split between Volkhovsky and Tosnensky Districts. In 1930 and 1931 was known as Putilovsky District. The current borders of Kirovsky District largely coincide with those of Mginsky District.[47]
  • Moloskovitsky District (the village of Moloskovitsy), established in 1927, abolished in 1931, merged into Volosovsky District.[48]
  • Novoladozhsky District (the town of Novaya Ladoga),established in 1946, abolished in 1963, merged into Volkhovsky District.[49]
  • Oredezhsky District (the settlement of Oredezh), established in 1927, abolished in 1959, split between Luzhsky and Gatchinsky Districts.[50]
  • Osminsky District (the selo of Osmino), established in 1927, abolished in 1961, split between Slantsevsky and Volosovsky Districts.[51]
  • Oyatsky District (the selo of Alyokhovshchina), established in 1927 as Shapshinsky District, in the same year renamed Oyatsky District, abolished in 1955, merged into Lodeynopolsky District.[52]
  • Pargolovsky District (the settlement of Pargolovo III), established in 1927, abolished in 1930, split between Kuyvozovsky District and Leningradsky Prigorodny District. Re-established in 1936, abolished in 1954, split between the city of Leningrad and Vsevolozhsky District.[53]
  • Pashsky District (the village of Pashsky Perevoz), established in 1927, abolished in 1955, merged into Novoladozhsky District.[54]
  • Pavlovsky District (the town of Pavlovsk), established in 1936 as Slutsky District, renamed in 1944 into Pavlovsky District, abolished in 1953, split between the city of Leningrad, Gatchinsky, and Tosnensky Districts.[55]
  • Pikalyovsky District (the selo of Pikalyovo), established in 1927, abolished in 1932, split between Yefimovsky, Tikhvinsky, Dregelsky, Kapshinsky, and Khvoyninsky Districts.[56]
  • Primorsky District (the town of Primorsk), established in 1940 as Koyvistovsky District, renamed in 1948, abolished in 1954, merged into Roshchinsky District.[57]
  • Roshchinsky District (the selo of Roshchino), established in 1940 as Kannelyarvsky District, renamed Rayvolovsky District in 1945, renamed Roshchinsky District in 1948, abolished in 1963, merged into Vyborgsky District.[58]
  • Rudnensky District (the selo of Rudno, subsequently in the village of Vyskatka), established in 1927, abolished in 1933, split between Gdovsky and Osminsky Districts.[59]
  • Sosnovsky District (the suburban settlement of Sosnovo), established in 1940 as Rautovsky District, renamed in 1948, abolished in 1960, split between Roshchinsky and Priozersky Districts.[60]
  • Toksovsky District (the village of Kuyvoz, later in the urban-type settlement of Toksovo), established in 1927 as Kuyvozovsky District, renamed in 1936, abolished in 1939, merged into Pargolovsky District.[61]
  • Uritsky District (the town of Uritsk), established in 1927, abolished in 1930, merged into Leningradsky Prigorodny District.[62]
  • Vinnitsky District (the selo of Vinnitsy), established in 1927, abolished in 1963, merged into Lodeynopolsky District, in 1965 became a part of re-established Podporozhsky District.[63]
  • Voznesensky District (the selo of Voznesenye), established in 1927, abolished in 1954, merged into Podporozhsky District.[64]
  • Yefimovsky District (the settlement of Yefimovsky), established in 1927, abolished in 1963, merged into Boksitogorsky District.[65]

Renamed districts[]

  • Gatchinsky District was known between 1927 and 1929 as Trotsky District, and between 1929 and 1944 as Krasnogvardeysky District.
  • Kirishsky District was known before 1931 as Andreyevsky District.
  • Lomonosovsky District was known before 1948 as Oraniyenbaumsky District.
  • Priozersky District was known before 1948 as Keksgolmsky District.

See also[]

  • Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg

References[]

  1. ^ Article 8 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast states that the oblast may have an anthem, providing a law is adopted to that effect. A contest was held in April 2014 and a winner was selected; however, as of October 2014, no law is officially in place.
  2. ^ Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", №20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  3. ^ Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. ^ a b Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, pp. 33–34
  5. ^ Charter of Leningrad Oblast, Article 18
  6. ^ Official website of Leningrad Oblast. Alexander Yuryevich Drozdenko, Governor of Leningrad Oblast (Russian)
  7. ^ Charter of Leningrad Oblast, Article 25
  8. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-01. 
  9. ^ a b "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1)]" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. 2011. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm. Retrieved June 29, 2012. 
  10. ^ The density value was calculated by dividing the population reported by the 2010 Census by the area shown in the "Area" field. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox is not necessarily reported for the same year as the population.
  11. ^ Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Население (Russian)
  12. ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication.).
  13. ^ Official the whole territory of Russia according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  14. ^ a b "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000]" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. May 21, 2004. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012. 
  15. ^ Лапшин В. А. "Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 1: Западные районы". Ленинград, 1990.
  16. ^ Лапшин В. А. "Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 2: Восточные и северные районы". Санкт-Петербург: Изд. СПбГУ, 1995. ISBN 5-87403-052-2.
  17. ^ Лебедев Г. С. "Археологические памятники Ленинградской области". Ленинград: Лениздат, 1977.
  18. ^ a b Administrative-Territorial Division of Leningrad Oblast, p. 10
  19. ^ Matley, Ian M. (1979). The Dispersal of the Ingrian Finns. Slavic Review 38.1, 1-16.
  20. ^ Martin, Terry (1998). The Origins of Soviet Ethnic Cleansing. The Journal of Modern History 70.4, 813-861.
  21. ^ Ленинградская область в целом: Административно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области
  22. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). knowbysight.info. http://www.knowbysight.info/1_rsfsr/00344.asp. Retrieved 15 August 2014. 
  23. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). ProTown.ru. http://www.protown.ru/russia/obl/articles/articles_280.html. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 
  24. ^ "Medvedev Appoints Buryatia, Leningrad Region Governors". The Moscow Times. 5 May 2012. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/2012/5/article/medvedev-appoints-buryatia-leningrad-region-governors/458091.html. Retrieved 18 August 2014. 
  25. ^ According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the government bodies of the oblast are located in the city of St. Petersburg. However, St. Petersburg is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast.
  26. ^ Template:OKATO reference
  27. ^ Results of the 2002 Russian Population CensusTerritory, number of districts, inhabited localities, and rural administrations of the Russian Federation by federal subject
  28. ^ Указ об учреждении губерний и о росписании к ним городов (Russian)
  29. ^ Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920-1993 гг.). Справочник. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север". p. 19–20. 
  30. ^ a b "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). BestPravo.ru. http://www.bestpravo.ru/sssr/yi-zakony/b3r.htm. Retrieved 23 April 2013. 
  31. ^ Газета "География", №21, 2001. С. Тархов. Первая советская реформа, укрупнение единиц административно-территориального деления в 1923—1929 гг. (Russian)
  32. ^ Воробьёв, М. В. (1993). Г. В. Туфанова. ed (in Russian). Государственный архив Смоленской области. pp. 118–133. 
  33. ^ a b "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Справочник по истории Коммунистической партии и Советского Союза 1898 - 1991. http://www.knowbysight.info/1_rsfsr/00344.asp. Retrieved 6 March 2014. 
  34. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Архивы России. http://www.rusarchives.ru/guide/voanpi/126sia.shtml. Retrieved December 5, 2011. 
  35. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Справочник истории административно-территориального деления Ленинградской области. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/75_Lovosersky_rayon.htm. Retrieved 1 June 2013. 
  36. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/57_Kingiseppsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved March 27, 2013. 
  37. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/29_Budugosch_rayon.htm. Retrieved 27 December 2012. 
  38. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/47_Detskoselsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved March 19, 2013. 
  39. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/55_Kapshinsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved May 14, 2012. 
  40. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/62_Kolpinsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved January 24, 2013. 
  41. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/65_Kotelsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved March 26, 2013. 
  42. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/67_Krasnoselsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved March 19, 2013. 
  43. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/71_Leningradsky_prigorodny_rayon.htm. Retrieved March 19, 2013. 
  44. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/73_Leninsky_rayon_Leningrad.htm. Retrieved April 12, 2013. 
  45. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/74_Jaskinsky_Lesogorsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved June 19, 2013. 
  46. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/81_Lubansky_rayon.htm. Retrieved January 24, 2013. 
  47. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/85_Mginsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved June 20, 2013. 
  48. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/88_Moloskovitsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved April 29, 2013. 
  49. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/38_Volchovsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved December 14, 2012. 
  50. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/104_Oredeghsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved February 8, 2013. 
  51. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/107_Osminsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved March 7, 2013. 
  52. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/109_Shapshinsky_Ojatsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved December 8, 2012. 
  53. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/112_Pargolovsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved April 12, 2013. 
  54. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/113_Pashsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved May 2, 2013. 
  55. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/110_Slutsky_Pavlovsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved February 8, 2013. 
  56. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/116_Pikalevsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved May 14, 2012. 
  57. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/128_Koyvistovsky_Primorsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved June 19, 2013. 
  58. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/135_Kanneljarvsky_Rayvolovsky_Roschinsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved June 19, 2013. 
  59. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Справочник истории административно-территориального деления Ленинградской области. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/136_Rudnensky_rayon.htm. Retrieved June 6, 2012. 
  60. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/145_Rautovsky_Sosnovsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved June 19, 2013. 
  61. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/152_Kuyvosovsky_Toksovsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved April 12, 2013. 
  62. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/159_Uritsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved March 19, 2013. 
  63. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/34_Vinnitsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved November 16, 2011. 
  64. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/35_Vosnesensky_rayon.htm. Retrieved November 16, 2011. 
  65. ^ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian). Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга. http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/50_Efimovsky_rayon.htm. Retrieved May 14, 2012. 

Demographics[]

Population: 1,716,868 (2010 Census);[1] 1,669,205 (2002 Census);[2] 1,661,173 (1989 Census).[3]

Vital statistics for 2012
  • Births: 15 611 (9.0 per 1000)
  • Deaths: 25 396 (14.7 per 1000) [4]
  • Total fertility rate:[5]

2009 - 1.18 | 2010 - 1.17 | 2011 - 1.16 | 2012 - 1.22 | 2013 - 1.23 | 2014 - 1.26(e)

Leningrad Oblast currently has the lowest fertility rate in all of Russia. While birth rates have risen considerably elsewhere, they have remained stuck at a very low level in Leningrad Oblast.

Ethnic groups: according to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was:[1]

  • Russian 92.7%
  • Ukrainian 2%
  • Belarusians 1.1%
  • Tatar 0.5%
  • Armenian 0.4%
  • Uzbek 0.4%
  • Azeri 0.3%
  • Finnish 0.3%
  • Gypsies 0.2%
  • Tajik 0.2%
  • Moldovan 0.2%
  • Veps 0.1%
  • others 1.6%
  • 114,747 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[6]

Religion[]


Circle frame

Religion in Leningrad Oblast (2012)[7][8]

  Russian Orthodox (55.1%)
  Unaffiliated Christian (4%)
  Muslim (1%)
  Rodnover (1%)
  Old Believers (1%)
  Spiritual but not religious (20%)
  Atheist (8%)
  Other or undeclared (9.9%)

According to a 2012 official survey[7] 55.1% of the population of Leningrad Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Muslims, 1% of the population adheres to Rodnovery (Slavic Neopaganism), 1% to Starovery (Old Believers). In addition, 20% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% is atheist, and 9.9% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[7]

Twin regions[]

References[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1)]" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census). Federal State Statistics Service. 2011. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm. Retrieved June 29, 2012. 
  2. ^ "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000]" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. May 21, 2004. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved February 9, 2012. 
  3. ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. [All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers]" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved February 9, 2012. 
  4. ^ http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2012/demo/edn12-12.htm
  5. ^ http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312
  6. ^ http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936
  7. ^ a b c Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org
  8. ^ 2012 Survey Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 24-09-2012.

Sources[]

  • Template:RussiaBasicLawRef/len
  • Архивный отдел Администрации Мурманской области. Государственный Архив Мурманской области. (1995). Административно-территориальное деление Мурманской области (1920–1993 гг.). Справочник. Мурманск: Мурманское издательско-полиграфическое предприятие "Север". 
  • В. В. Груздев и А. Т. Русов (1973). Административно-территориальное деление Ленинградской области. Ленинград: Лениздат. 

Further reading[]

Nature[]

  • Айрапетьянц А.Э., Стрелков П.П., Фокин И.М. Звери. [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1987.
  • Балашова Н.Б., Никитина В.Н. Водоросли [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1989. ISBN 5-289-00344-4
  • Биоразнообразие Ленинградской области (Водоросли. Грибы. Лишайники. Мохообразные. Беспозвоночные животные. Рыбы и рыбообразные) / Под. ред. Н.Б.Балашовой, А.А.Заварзина. - (Труды Санкт-Петербургского общества естествоиспытателей. Серия 6. Том 2.). – Saint Petersburg: Изд-во СПб. университета, 1999.
  • Бобров Р.В. Леса Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1979.
  • Бродский А.К., Львовский А.Л. Пауки, насекомые [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1990. ISBN 0528900617
  • Иллюстрированный определитель растений Ленинградской области / Под ред. А. Л. Буданцева, Г. П. Яковлева. Moscow: КМК, 2006. ISBN 5-87317-260-9
  • Кириллова М.А., Распопов И.М. Озера Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1971.
  • Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 1. Особо охраняемые природные территории. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков, М. С. Боч [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 1. Protected Areas]. Saint Petersburg: Акционер и К, 1998. ISBN 5-87401-072-6
  • Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 2. Растения и грибы. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 2. Plants and Fungi]. Saint Petersburg: Мир и Семья, 2000. ISBN 5-94365-001-6
  • Красная Книга природы Ленинградской области. Том 3. Животные. Отв. ред. Г.А. Носков [Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 3. Animals]. Saint Petersburg: Мир и Семья, 2002. ISBN 5-94365-021-0
  • Леса Ленинградской области: современное состояние и пути их возможного развития. Saint Petersburg, 1998. ISBN 5-230-10457-0
  • Мальчевский А. С., Пукинский Ю. Б. Птицы Ленинградской области и сопредельных территорий. История, биология, охрана. Т.1-2. Leningrad: Изд-во ЛГУ, 1983.
  • Наумов Н.А. Флора грибов Ленинградской области. Том 1. Архимицеты и фикомицеты [The Fungus Flora of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 1. Archimycetes, Phycomycetes]. Moscow – Leningrad: Изд-во АН СССР, 1954.
  • Наумов Н.А. Флора грибов Ленинградской области. Том 2 [The Fungus Flora of the Leningrad Region. Vol. 2]. Moscow – Leningrad: Наука, 1964.
  • Неелов, А.В. Рыбы [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1987.
  • Покровская Г.В., Бычкова А.Т. Климат Ленинграда и его окрестностей. Leningrad: Гидрометеоиздат, 1967.
  • Природа Ленинградской области и ее охрана / Ред. Т.И. Миронова, Э.И. Слепян. - Leningrad: Лениздат, 1983.
  • Пукинский Ю. Б. Птицы [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1988.
  • Свидерская М.Д., Храбрый В.М. Сохраним для потомков: Особо охраняемые природные территории Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1985.
  • Старобогатов Я.И. Раки, моллюски [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1988. ISBN 5-289-00125-5
  • Филимонов Р.В., Удалов С.Г. Жуки-усачи Ленинградской области. Атлас-определитель. [Longhorn Beetles of the St. Petersburg Region: An Identification Atlas]. Saint Petersburg: Петроглиф, 2001. ISBN 5-902094-05-4
  • Флора Ленинградской области / Под ред. Б. К. Шишкина. Вып. 1-4. Leningrad: Изд. ЛГУ, 1955–1965.
  • Хазанович К. К. Геологические памятники Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1982.
  • Черепанова Н.П., Пшедецкая Л.И. Грибы. [Природа Ленинградской области]. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1990.

History[]

  • Лапшин В. А. Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 1: Западные районы. Leningrad, 1990.
  • Лапшин В. А. Археологическая карта Ленинградской области. Часть 2: Восточные и северные районы. Saint Petersburg: Изд. СПбГУ, 1995. ISBN 5-87403-052-2
  • Лебедев Г. С. Археологические памятники Ленинградской области. Leningrad: Лениздат, 1977.

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