Commonwealth of Massachusetts | |||||
| |||||
Nickname(s): The Bay State,[1] The Old Colony State,[2] The Codfish State[3] | |||||
Motto(s): Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem (Latin) By the sword we seek peace, but peace only under liberty | |||||
Official language(s) | None | ||||
Demonym | Bay Stater (official)[4] Massachusite (traditional)[5][6] Massachusettsian (archaic)[7] | ||||
Capital (and largest city) |
Boston | ||||
Largest metro area | Greater Boston | ||||
Area | Ranked 44th in the U.S. | ||||
- Total | 10,565[8] sq mi (27,336 km2) | ||||
- Width | 183 miles (295 km) | ||||
- Length | 113 miles (182 km) | ||||
- % water | 25.7 | ||||
- Latitude | 41° 14′ N to 42° 53′ N | ||||
- Longitude | 69° 56′ W to 73° 30′ W | ||||
Population | Ranked 15th in the U.S. | ||||
- Total | 7,029,917 | ||||
- Density | 840/sq mi (324/km2) Ranked 3rd in the U.S. | ||||
- Median household income | $77,385 (2nd) | ||||
Elevation | |||||
- Highest point | Mount Greylock[9][10][11] 3,489 ft (1063.4 m) | ||||
- Mean | 500 ft (150 m) | ||||
- Lowest point | Atlantic Ocean[10] sea level | ||||
Before statehood | Province of Massachusetts Bay | ||||
Admission to Union | February 6, 1788 (6th) | ||||
Governor | Charlie Baker (R) | ||||
Lieutenant Governor | Karyn Polito (R) | ||||
Legislature | General Court | ||||
- Upper house | Senate | ||||
- Lower house | House of Representatives | ||||
U.S. Senators | Elizabeth Warren (D) Ed Markey (D) | ||||
U.S. House delegation | 9 Democrats (list) | ||||
Time zone | Eastern: UTC-5/-4 | ||||
Abbreviations | MA Mass. US-MA | ||||
Website | mass.gov |
Animate insignia | |
Bird(s) | Black-capped Chickadee, Wild Turkey |
Fish | Cod |
Flower(s) | Mayflower |
Insect | Ladybug |
Mammal(s) | Right whale, Morgan horse, Tabby cat, Boston Terrier |
Reptile | Garter snake |
Tree | American Elm |
Inanimate insignia | |
Beverage | Cranberry Juice |
Colors | Blue, Green, Cranberry |
Dance | Square Dance |
Food | Cranberry, Corn muffin, Navy bean, Boston cream pie, Chocolate chip cookie, Boston cream donut |
Fossil | Mastodon |
Gemstone | Rhodonite |
Mineral | Babingtonite |
Poem | "Blue Hills of Massachusetts" |
Rock | Roxbury Puddingstone |
Shell | Wrinkled Whelk |
Ship(s) | Schooner Ernestina |
Slogan(s) | Make It Yours, The Spirit of America |
Soil | Paxton |
Song(s) | All Hail to Massachusetts |
Sport | Basketball[12] |
Route marker(s) | |
State Quarter | |
Released in 2000 | |
Lists of United States state insignia |
Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsᵻts/, /ʔzᵻts/), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,[lower-alpha 1] is the most populous state in the New England region of the United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Maine to the east, Connecticut to the southwest and Rhode Island to the southeast, New Hampshire to the northeast, Vermont to the northwest, and New York to the west. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is also the most populous city in New England. It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry.[13] Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade,[14] Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution.[15] During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services.[16] Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade.[17]
Massachusetts was a site of early English colonization: the Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims of the Mayflower, and in 1630 the Massachusetts Bay Colony, taking its name from the indigenous Massachusett people, established settlements in Boston and Salem. In 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America's most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials.[18] In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which, during the Industrial Revolution, catalyzed numerous important technological advances, including interchangeable parts.[19] In 1786, Shays' Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention.[20] In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept Britain and the Thirteen Colonies, originated from the pulpit of Northampton preacher Jonathan Edwards.[21] In the late 18th century, Boston became known as the "Cradle of Liberty"[22] for the agitation there that later led to the American Revolution.
The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a powerful scientific, commercial, and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance,[23] and transcendentalist[24] movements.[25] In the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively.[26][27] In 2004, Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legally recognize same-sex marriage as a result of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court's decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health.[28] Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams and Kennedy families. Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States,[29] with the largest financial endowment of any university,[30] and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.[31] Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called "the most innovative square mile on the planet", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010.[32][33] Both Harvard and MIT, also in Cambridge, are perennially ranked as either the most or among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world.[34] Massachusetts residents have been described by the World Population Review as having the highest average IQ of all U.S. states, exceeding 104,[35]Template:Unreliable source and the state's public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.[36] The state has been ranked as one of the top states in the United States for citizens to live in, as well as one of the most expensive.[37]
Etymology[]
The Massachusetts Bay Colony was named after the indigenous population, the Massachusett, whose name likely derived from a Wôpanâak word muswachasut, segmented as mus(ây) "big" + wach8 "mountain" + -s "diminutive" + -ut "locative" (the '8' in these words refers to the 'oo' sound according to the Wôpanâak orthographic chart).[38] It has been translated as "near the great hill",[39] "by the blue hills", "at the little big hill", or "at the range of hills", referring to the Blue Hills, or in particular the Great Blue Hill, which is located on the boundary of Milton and Canton.[40][41] Alternatively, Massachusett has been represented as Moswetuset—from the name of the Moswetuset Hummock (meaning "hill shaped like an arrowhead") in Quincy, where Plymouth Colony commander Myles Standish (a hired English military officer) and Squanto (a member of the now disappeared Patuxet band of the Wampanoag peoples) met Chief Chickatawbut in 1621.[42][43]
The official name of the state is the "Commonwealth of Massachusetts".[44] While the designation "Commonwealth" forms part of the state's official name, it has no practical implications.[45] Massachusetts has the same position and powers within the United States as other states.[46] John Adams in 1779 may have chosen the word for the second draft of what became the 1780 Massachusetts Constitution because unlike the word "state", "commonwealth" at the time had the connotation of a republic, in contrast to the monarchy the former American colonies were fighting against. (The name "State of Massachusetts Bay" appeared in the first—rejected—draft.)[47]
History[]
Pre-colonization[]
Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett.[48][49] While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, these tribes were generally dependent on hunting, gathering and fishing for most of their food.[48] Villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses,[49] and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems.[50]
Colonial period[]
In the early 1600s, after contact had been made with Europeans, large numbers of the indigenous peoples in the northeastern region of what is now the United States were killed by virgin soil epidemics such as smallpox, measles, influenza, and perhaps leptospirosis.[51][52] Between 1617 and 1619, what was possibly smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans.[53]
The first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived on the Mayflower[54] at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people.[55] This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, after the Jamestown Colony. The event, known as the "First Thanksgiving", was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World, which lasted for three days. The Pilgrims were soon followed by other Puritans, who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony at present-day Boston in 1630.[56]
The Puritans, who believed the Church of England needed to be purified and experienced harassment from English authority because of their beliefs,[57] came to Massachusetts intending to establish an ideal religious society.[58] Unlike the Plymouth colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded under a royal charter in 1629.[59] Both religious dissent and expansionism resulted in several new colonies being founded, shortly after Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, elsewhere in New England. The Massachusetts Bay banished dissenters such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams due to religious and political disagreements. In 1636, Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island, and Hutchinson joined him there several years later. Religious intolerance continued. Among those who objected to this later in the century were the English Quaker preachers Alice and Thomas Curwen, who were publicly flogged and imprisoned in Boston in 1676.[60][61]
In 1641, Massachusetts expanded inland significantly, acquiring the Connecticut River Valley settlement of Springfield, which had recently disputed with, and defected from its original administrators, the Connecticut Colony.[62] This established Massachusetts's southern border in the west,[63] though surveying problems resulted in disputed territory until 1803–04.[64]
Currency was another issue in the colonies. In 1652 the Massachusetts legislature authorized John Hull to produce coinage (mintmaster). "The Hull Mint produced several denominations of silver coinage, including the pine tree shilling, for over 30 years until the political and economic situation made operating the mint no longer practical." Mostly political for Charles II of England deemed the "Hull Mint" high treason in the United Kingdom which had a punishment of Hanging, drawing and quartering. "On April 6, 1681, Randolph petitioned the king, informing him the colony was still pressing their own coins which he saw as high treason and believed it was enough to void the charter. He asked that a writ of Quo warranto (a legal action requiring the defendant to show what authority they have for exercising some right, power, or franchise they claim to hold) be issued against Massachusetts for the violations."[65]
In 1691, the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth were united (along with present-day Maine, which had previously been divided between Massachusetts and New York) into the Province of Massachusetts Bay.[66] Shortly after the arrival of the new province's first governor, William Phips, the Salem witch trials took place, where a number of men and women were hanged for alleged witchcraft.[67]
The most destructive earthquake yet known in New England occurred in 1755, causing considerable damage across Massachusetts.[68][69]
The Revolutionary War[]
Massachusetts was a center of the movement for independence from Great Britain; colonists in Massachusetts had long uneasy relations with the British monarchy, including open rebellion under the Dominion of New England in the 1680s.[66] Protests against British attempts to tax the colonies after the French and Indian War ended in 1763 led to the Boston Massacre in 1770, and the 1773 Boston Tea Party escalated tensions.[70] In 1774, the Intolerable Acts targeted Massachusetts with punishments for the Boston Tea Party and further decreased local autonomy, increasing local dissent.[71] Anti-Parliamentary activity by men such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock, followed by reprisals by the British government, were a primary reason for the unity of the Thirteen Colonies and the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775.[72]
The Battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the American Revolutionary War and were fought in the eponymous Massachusetts towns.[73] Future President George Washington took over what would become the Continental Army after the battle. His first victory was the Siege of Boston in the winter of 1775–76, after which the British were forced to evacuate the city.[74] The event is still celebrated in Suffolk County as Evacuation Day.[75] On the coast, Salem became a center for privateering. Although the documentation is incomplete, about 1,700 letters of marque, issued on a per-voyage basis, were granted during the American Revolution. Nearly 800 vessels were commissioned as privateers and are credited with capturing or destroying about 600 British ships.[76]
Federal period[]
Bostonian John Adams, known as the "Atlas of Independence",[77] was highly involved in both separation from Britain and the Constitution of Massachusetts, which effectively (the Elizabeth Freeman and Quock Walker cases as interpreted by William Cushing) made Massachusetts the first state to abolish slavery. David McCullough points out that an equally important feature was its placing for the first time the courts as a co-equal branch separate from the executive.[78] (The Constitution of Vermont, adopted in 1777, represented the first partial ban on slavery. Vermont became a state in 1791 but did not fully ban slavery until 1858 with the Vermont Personal Liberty Law. The Pennsylvania Gradual Abolition Act of 1780[79] made Pennsylvania the first state to abolish slavery by statute.) Later, Adams was active in early American foreign affairs and succeeded Washington as the second United States President. His son John Quincy Adams, also from Massachusetts,[80] would go on to become the sixth United States President.
From 1786 to 1787, an armed uprising, known as Shays' Rebellion led by Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays wrought havoc throughout Massachusetts and ultimately attempted to seize the Federal armory.[20] The rebellion was one of the major factors in the decision to draft a stronger national constitution to replace the Articles of Confederation.[20] On February 6, 1788, Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the United States Constitution.[81]
19th century[]
In 1820, Maine separated from Massachusetts and entered the Union as the 23rd state as a result of the ratification of the Missouri Compromise.[82]
During the 19th century, Massachusetts became a national leader in the American Industrial Revolution, with factories around cities such as Lowell and Boston producing textiles and shoes, and factories around Springfield producing tools, paper, and textiles.[83][84] The economy transformed from one based primarily on agriculture to an industrial one, initially making use of water-power and later the steam engine to power factories. Canals and railroads were used for transporting raw materials and finished goods.[85] At first, the new industries drew labor from Yankees on nearby subsistence farms, and later relied upon immigrant labor from Europe and Canada.[86][87]
Although Massachusetts was the first slave-holding colony dating back to the early 1600s, in the years leading up to the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center of progressivist and abolitionist activity. Horace Mann made the state's school system a national model.[88] Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson made major contributions to American philosophy.[89] Members of the transcendentalist movement emphasized the importance of the natural world and emotion to humanity.[89]
Although significant opposition to abolitionism existed early on in Massachusetts, resulting in anti-abolitionist riots between 1835 and 1837,[90] opposition to slavery gradually increased throughout the next few decades.[91][92] Abolitionists John Brown and Sojourner Truth lived in Springfield and Northampton, respectively, while Frederick Douglass lived in Boston and Susan B. Anthony in Adams, Massachusetts. The works of such abolitionists contributed to Massachusetts's actions during the Civil War. Massachusetts was the first state to recruit, train, and arm a Black regiment with White officers, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.[93] In 1852, Massachusetts became the first state to pass compulsory education laws.[94]
20th century[]
With the departure of several manufacturing companies, the area's industrial economy began to decline during the early 20th century. By the 1920s, competition from the South and Midwest, followed by the Great Depression, led to the collapse of the three main industries in Massachusetts: textiles, shoemaking, and precision mechanics.[95] This decline would continue into the latter half of the century; between 1950 and 1979, the number of Massachusetts residents involved in textile manufacturing declined from 264,000 to 63,000.[96] The 1969 closure of the Springfield Armory, in particular, spurred an exodus of high-paying jobs from Western Massachusetts, which suffered greatly as it de-industrialized during the last 40 years of the 20th century.[97]
Massachusetts manufactured 3.4 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking tenth among the 48 states.[98] In Eastern Massachusetts, following World WarTemplate:NbsII, the economy was transformed from one based on heavy industry into a service-based economy.[99] Government contracts, private investment, and research facilities led to a new and improved industrial climate, with reduced unemployment and increased per capita income. Suburbanization flourished, and by the 1970s, the Route 128 corridor was dotted with high-technology companies who recruited graduates of the area's many elite institutions of higher education.[100]
In 1987, the state received federal funding for the Central Artery/Tunnel Project. Commonly known as "the Big Dig", it was, at the time, the biggest federal highway project ever approved.[101] The project included making the Central Artery a tunnel under downtown Boston, in addition to the re-routing of several other major highways.[102] Often controversial, with numerous claims of graft and mismanagement, and with its initial price tag of $2.5Template:Nbsbillion increasing to a final tally of over $15Template:Nbsbillion, the Big Dig nonetheless changed the face of Downtown Boston.[101] It connected areas that were once divided by elevated highway (much of the raised old Central Artery was replaced with the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway), and improved traffic conditions along with several routes.[101][102]
Notable 20th century politicians[]
The Kennedy family was prominent in Massachusetts politics in the 20th century. Children of businessman and ambassador Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. included John F. Kennedy, who was a senator and U.S. president before his assassination in 1963, and Ted Kennedy, a senator from 1962 until his death in 2009,[103] and Eunice Kennedy Shriver, a co-founder of the Special Olympics.[104] In 1966, Massachusetts became the first state to directly elect an African American to the U.S. senate with Edward Brooke.[105] George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States (1989–1993) was born in Milton in 1924.[106] Other notable Bay State politicians on the national level included John W. McCormack, Speaker of the House in the 1960s, and Tip O'Neill, whose service as Speaker of the House from 1977 to 1987 was the longest continuous tenure in United States history.
21st century[]
On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts became the first state in the U.S. to legalize same-sex marriage after a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruling in November 2003 determined that the exclusion of same-sex couples from the right to a civil marriage was unconstitutional.[28] This decision was eventually superseded by the U.S. Supreme Court's affirmation of same-sex marriage in the United States in 2015.
In 2004, Massachusetts senator John Kerry who won the Democratic nomination for President of the United States narrowly lost to incumbent George W. Bush. Eight years later, former Massachusetts governor Mitt Romney (Republican nominee) lost to Barack Obama in 2012. Another eight years later, Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren was a frontrunner in the Democratic primaries for the 2020 Presidential Election, but suspended her campaign and then endorsed presumptive nominee Joe Biden.
Two pressure cooker bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, at around 2:49 pm EDT. The explosions killed three people and injured an estimated 264 others. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) later identified the suspects as brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev. The ensuing manhunt ended on April 19 when thousands of law enforcement officers searched a 20-block area of nearby Watertown. Dzhokhar later said he was motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs and learned to build explosive devices from Inspire, the online magazine of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula.
On November 8, 2016, Massachusetts voted in favor of the Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization Initiative, also known as Question 4.[107] It was included in the 2016 United States presidential election ballot in Massachusetts as an indirectly initiated state statute.[108]
Geography[]
Massachusetts is the 7th-smallest state in the United States. It is located in the New England region of the Northeastern United States and has an area of 10,555 square miles (27,340 km2), 25.7% of which is water. Several large bays distinctly shape its coast. Boston is the largest city, at the inmost point of Massachusetts Bay, and the mouth of the Charles River.
Despite its small size, Massachusetts features numerous topographically distinctive regions. The large coastal plain of the Atlantic Ocean in the eastern section of the state contains Greater Boston, along with most of the state's population,[13] as well as the distinctive Cape Cod peninsula. To the west lies the hilly, rural region of Central Massachusetts, and beyond that, the Connecticut River Valley. Along the western border of Western Massachusetts lies the highest elevated part of the state, the Berkshires, forming a portion of the northern terminus of the Appalachian Mountains.
The U.S. National Park Service administers a number of natural and historical sites in Massachusetts.[109] Along with twelve national historic sites, areas, and corridors, the National Park Service also manages the Cape Cod National Seashore and the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area.[109] In addition, the Department of Conservation and Recreation maintains a number of parks, trails, and beaches throughout Massachusetts.[110]
Ecology[]
The primary biome of inland Massachusetts is temperate deciduous forest.[111] Although much of Massachusetts had been cleared for agriculture, leaving only traces of old-growth forest in isolated pockets, secondary growth has regenerated in many rural areas as farms have been abandoned.[112] Currently, forests cover around 62% of Massachusetts.[113] The areas most affected by human development include the Greater Boston area in the east and the Springfield metropolitan area in the west, although the latter includes agricultural areas throughout the Connecticut River Valley.[114] There are currently 219 endangered species in Massachusetts.[115]
A number of species are doing well in the increasingly urbanized Massachusetts. Peregrine falcons utilize office towers in larger cities as nesting areas,[116] and the population of coyotes, whose diet may include garbage and roadkill, has been increasing in recent decades.[117] White-tailed deer, raccoons, wild turkeys, and eastern gray squirrels are also found throughout Massachusetts. In more rural areas in the western part of Massachusetts, larger mammals such as moose and black bears have returned, largely due to reforestation following the regional decline in agriculture.[118]
Massachusetts is located along the Atlantic Flyway, a major route for migratory waterfowl along the eastern coast.[119] Lakes in central Massachusetts provide habitat for many species of fish and waterfowl, but some species such as the common loon are becoming rare.[120] A significant population of long-tailed ducks winter off Nantucket. Small offshore islands and beaches are home to roseate terns and are important breeding areas for the locally threatened piping plover.[121] Protected areas such as the Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge provide critical breeding habitat for shorebirds and a variety of marine wildlife including a large population of grey seals. Since 2009, there has been a significant increase in the number of Great white sharks spotted and tagged in the coastal waters off of Cape Cod.[122][123][124]
Freshwater fish species in Massachusetts include bass, carp, catfish, and trout, while saltwater species such as Atlantic cod, haddock, and American lobster populate offshore waters.[125] Other marine species include Harbor seals, the endangered North Atlantic right whales, as well as humpback whales, fin whales, minke whales, and Atlantic white-sided dolphins.
The European corn borer, a significant agricultural pest, was first found in North America near Boston, Massachusetts in 1917.[126]
Climate[]
Most of Massachusetts has a humid continental climate, with cold winters and warm summers. Far southeast coastal areas are the broad transition zone to Humid Subtropical climates. The warm to hot summers render the oceanic climate rare in this transition, only applying to exposed coastal areas such as on the peninsula of Barnstable County. The climate of Boston is quite representative for the commonwealth, characterized by summer highs of around 81 °F (27 °C) and winter highs of 35 °F (2 °C), and is quite wet. Frosts are frequent all winter, even in coastal areas due to prevailing inland winds. Due to its location near the Atlantic, Massachusetts is vulnerable to nor'easters, hurricanes and tropical storms.
Location | July (°F) | July (°C) | January (°F) | January (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Boston | 81/65 | 27/18 | 36/22 | 2/−5 |
Worcester | 79/61 | 26/16 | 31/17 | 0/−8 |
Springfield | 84/62 | 27/17 | 34/17 | 1/−8 |
New Bedford | 80/65 | 26/18 | 37/23 | 3/−4 |
Quincy | 80/61 | 26/16 | 33/18 | 1/−7 |
Plymouth | 80/61 | 27/16 | 38/20 | 3/−6 |
Environmental issues[]
Climate change[]
Climate change in Massachusetts will affect both urban and rural environments, including forestry, fisheries, agriculture, and coastal development.[128][129][130] The Northeast is projected to warm faster than global average temperatures; by 2035, the Northeast is "projected to be more than 3.6°F (2°C) warmer on average than during the preindustrial era".[130] As of August 2016, the EPA reports that Massachusetts has warmed by over two degrees Fahrenheit, or 1.1 degrees Celsius.[131] This is almost twice as much as the average for the contiguous United States. Shifting temperatures also result in the shifting of rainfall patterns and the intensification of precipitation events. To that end, average precipitation in the Northeast United States has risen by ten percent from 1895 to 2011, and the number of heavy precipitation events has increased by seventy percent during that time.[131] These increased precipitation patterns are focused in the winter and spring. Increasing temperatures coupled with increasing precipitation will result in earlier snow melts and subsequent drier soil in the summer months.
The shifting climate in Massachusetts will result in a significant change to the built environment and ecosystems. In Boston alone, costs of climate change-related storms will result in 5 to 100 billion dollars in damage.[131] These costs are attributed to expected coastal home damage, roadway destruction, and existing utility infrastructure exposure. Warmer temperatures will also disrupt the migration of birds and the blooming of flora. With these changes, deer populations are expected to increase, resulting in a decrease in underbrush which smaller fauna use as camouflage. Additionally, rising temperatures will increase the number of reported Lyme disease cases in the state. Ticks can transmit the disease once temperatures reach 45 degrees, so shorter winters will increase the window of transmission. These warmer temperatures will also increase the prevalence of mosquitos, a carrier of the West Nile virus.[131]
To combat this change, the state of Massachusetts’ Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs has outlined a path to decarbonization of the state's economy. On April 22, 2020, the Secretary of Energy and Environmental Affairs of Massachusetts, Kathleen A. Theoharides, released a Determination of Statewide Emissions limits for 2050. In her letter, Theoharides stresses that as of 2020, the Commonwealth has experienced property damage attributable to climate change of more than $60 billion. To ensure that the Commonwealth experiences warming no more than 1.5 °C of pre-industrialization levels, the state will work to achieve net-zero emissions and the overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 85 percent by 2050.[132]
Initiatives[]
The State of Massachusetts has developed a plethora of incentives to encourage the implementation of renewable energy and efficient appliances and home facilities. Mass Save has been formed in conjunction with the State by Berkshire Gas, Blackstone Gas Company, Cape Light Compact, Eversource, Liberty Utilities, National Grid and Unitil to provide homeowners and renters with incentives to retrofit their homes with efficient HVAC equipment and other household appliances. For example, up to a 100-dollar rebate can be obtained for upgrading to an ENERGY STAR certified smart or programmable thermostat. Other appliances such as water heaters, air conditioners, washers and driers, and heat pumps are eligible for additional rebates.[133]
The concept of Mass Save was created in 2008 by the passing of the Green Communities Act of 2008 during Deval Patrick’s tenure as governor. The main goal of the Green Communities Act was to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels in the State and to encourage new, more efficient technologies. Among others, one result of this act was a requirement for Program Administrators of utilities to invest in saving energy, as opposed to purchasing and generating additional energy where economically feasible. In Massachusetts, eleven Program Administrators, including NSTAR, National Grid, Western Massachusetts Electric, Cape Light Compact, Until, and Berkshire Gas, jointly own the rights to this program, in conjunction with the MA Department of Energy Resources (DOER) and the Energy Efficiency Advisory Council (EEAC).[134]
Mass Save also conducts no-cost in-home energy assessments so that homeowners, renters, and small business owners may educate themselves about energy efficiency-related home improvements and find opportunities to save money and energy. During the home assessment, Mass Save provides ENERGY STAR certified LED light bulbs, power strips, low flow showerheads, faucet aerators, and efficient thermostats free of charge. Additionally, air leaks will be detected in the home or building and patched, and recommendations will be made to install additional insulation to decrease the loss of heated or cooled air. Discounts of 75 percent or more are available on these insulation improvements. Due to COVID-19, Mass Save is currently conducting assessments remotely. Residents can schedule a remote assessment using the program's website or phone line.[135]
The State Revenue Service provides incentives for the installation of solar panels. In addition to the Federal Residential Renewable energy credit, Massachusetts residents may be eligible for a tax credit of up to 15 percent of the project.[136] Once installed, arrays are eligible for net metering.[137] Certain municipalities will offer up to $1.20 per watt, up to 50 percent of the system's cost on PV arrays 25 kW or less.[138] The Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources also offers low-interest, fixed-rate financing with loan support for low-income residents. This program is currently set to terminate on December 31, 2020.[139]
As a part of the Massachusetts Department of Energy Resources’ effort to incentivize the usage of renewable energy, the MOR-EV, or Massachusetts Offers Rebates for Electric Vehicles initiative was created. With this incentive, residents may qualify for a State incentive of up to $2,500 dollars for the purchase or lease of an electric vehicle, or $1,500 for the purchase or lease of a plug-in hybrid vehicle.[140] This rebate is available in addition to the tax credits offered by the United States Department of Energy for the purchase of electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles.[141]
For income-eligible residents, Mass Save has partnered with Massachusetts Community Action Program Agencies and Low-Income Energy Affordability Network (LEAN) to offer residents assistance with upgrades to their homes that will result in more efficient energy usage. Residents may qualify for a replacement of their heating system, insulation installation, appliances, and thermostats if they meet the income qualifications provided on Mass Save's website. For residents of 5+ family residential buildings, there are additional income-restricted benefits available through LEAN. If at least 50 percent of the residents of the building qualify as low income, energy efficiency improvements like those available through Mass Save are available. Residential structures operated by non-profit organizations, for profit operations, or housing authorities may take advantage of these programs.[142]
In late 2020, the Baker Administration released a Decarbonization Roadmap that aims for net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The plan calls for major investments in offshore wind and solar energy and would require all new automobiles sold to be zero-emissions (electric or hydrogen powered) by 2035.[143][144]
Demographics[]
Historical populations | |||
---|---|---|---|
Census | Pop. | %± | |
1790 | 378,787 | ||
1800 | 422,845 | 11.6% | |
1810 | 472,040 | 11.6% | |
1820 | 523,287 | 10.9% | |
1830 | 610,408 | 16.6% | |
1840 | 737,699 | 20.9% | |
1850 | 994,514 | 34.8% | |
1860 | 1,231,066 | 23.8% | |
1870 | 1,457,351 | 18.4% | |
1880 | 1,783,085 | 22.4% | |
1890 | 2,238,947 | 25.6% | |
1900 | 2,805,346 | 25.3% | |
1910 | 3,366,416 | 20.0% | |
1920 | 3,852,356 | 14.4% | |
1930 | 4,249,614 | 10.3% | |
1940 | 4,316,721 | 1.6% | |
1950 | 4,690,514 | 8.7% | |
1960 | 5,148,578 | 9.8% | |
1970 | 5,689,170 | 10.5% | |
1980 | 5,737,037 | 0.8% | |
1990 | 6,016,425 | 4.9% | |
2000 | 6,349,097 | 5.5% | |
2010 | 6,547,629 | 3.1% | |
[145][146] |
At the 2020 U.S. census, Massachusetts had a population of over 7 million, a 7.4% increase since the 2010 United States census.[147][148] As of 2015, Massachusetts was estimated to be the third-most densely populated U.S. state, with 871.0 people per square mile,[149] behind New Jersey and Rhode Island. In 2014, Massachusetts had 1,011,811 foreign-born residents or 15% of the population.[149]
Most Bay State residents live within the Boston metropolitan area, also known as Greater Boston, which includes Boston and its proximate surroundings but also extending to Greater Lowell and to Worcester. The Springfield metropolitan area, also known as Greater Springfield, is also a major center of population. Demographically, the center of population of Massachusetts is located in the town of Natick.[150][151]
Like the rest of the Northeastern United States, the population of Massachusetts has continued to grow in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Massachusetts is the fastest-growing state in New England and the 25th fastest-growing state in the United States.[152] Population growth was largely due to a relatively high quality of life and a large higher education system in the state.[152]
Foreign immigration is also a factor in the state's population growth, causing the state's population to continue to grow as of the 2010 Census (particularly in Massachusetts gateway cities where costs of living are lower).[153][154] 40% of foreign immigrants were from Central or South America, according to a 2005 Census Bureau study, with many of the remainder from Asia. Many residents who have settled in Greater Springfield claim Puerto Rican descent.[153] Many areas of Massachusetts showed relatively stable population trends between 2000 and 2010.[154] Exurban Boston and coastal areas grew the most rapidly, while Berkshire County in far Western Massachusetts and Barnstable County on Cape Cod were the only counties to lose population as of the 2010 Census.[154]
By sex, 48.4% were male, and 51.6% were female in 2014. In terms of age, 79.2% were over 18 and 14.8% were over 65.[149]
Race and ancestry[]
Race and Ethnicity[156] | Alone | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic) | Template:Bartable | Template:Bartable | ||
Hispanic or Latino[lower-alpha 2] | Template:Bartable | Template:Bartable | ||
African American (non-Hispanic) | Template:Bartable | Template:Bartable | ||
Asian | Template:Bartable | Template:Bartable | ||
Native American | Template:Bartable | Template:Bartable | ||
Pacific Islander | Template:Bartable | Template:Bartable | ||
Other | Template:Bartable | Template:Bartable |
The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 95.4% in 1970 to 67.6% in 2020.[149][157] As of 2011, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 63.6% of all the births,[158] while 36.4% of the population of Massachusetts younger than ageTemplate:Nbs1 was minorities (at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).[159] One major reason for this is that non-Hispanic whites in Massachusetts recorded a total fertility rate of 1.36 in 2017, the second-lowest in the country after neighboring Rhode Island.[160]
As late as 1795, the population of Massachusetts was nearly 95% of English ancestry.[161] During the early and mid-19th century, immigrant groups began arriving in Massachusetts in large numbers; first from Ireland in the 1840s;[162] today the Irish and part-Irish are the largest ancestry group in the state at nearly 25% of the total population. Others arrived later from Quebec as well as places in Europe such as Italy, Portugal, and Poland.[163] In the early 20th century, a number of African Americans migrated to Massachusetts, although in somewhat fewer numbers than many other Northern states.[164] Later in the 20th century, immigration from Latin America increased considerably. More than 156,000 Chinese Americans made their home in Massachusetts in 2014,[165] and Boston hosts a growing Chinatown accommodating heavily traveled Chinese-owned bus lines to and from Chinatown, Manhattan in New York City. Massachusetts also has large Dominican, Puerto Rican, Haitian, Cape Verdean and Brazilian populations. Boston's South End and Jamaica Plain are both gay villages, as is nearby Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.
The largest ancestry group in Massachusetts are the Irish (22.5% of the population), who live in significant numbers throughout the state but form more than 40% of the population along the South Shore in Norfolk and Plymouth counties (in both counties overall, Irish-Americans comprise more than 30% of the population). Italians form the second-largest ethnic group in the state (13.5%), but form a plurality in some suburbs north of Boston and in a few towns in the Berkshires. English Americans, the third-largest (11.4%) group, form a plurality in some western towns. French and French Canadians also form a significant part (10.7%),[166] with sizable populations in Bristol, Hampden, and Worcester Counties.[167][168] Lowell is home to the second-largest Cambodian community of the nation.[169] Massachusetts is home to a small community of Greek Americans as well, which according to the American Community Survey there are 83,701 of them scattered along the state (1.2% of the total state population).[170] There are also several populations of Native Americans in Massachusetts. The Wampanoag tribe maintains reservations at Aquinnah on Martha's Vineyard and at Mashpee on Cape Cod—with an ongoing native language revival project underway since 1993, while the Nipmuc maintain two state-recognized reservations in the central part of the state, including one at Grafton.[171]
Massachusetts has avoided many forms of racial strife seen elsewhere in the US, but examples such as the successful electoral showings of the nativist (mainly anti-Catholic) Know Nothings in the 1850s,[172] the controversial Sacco and Vanzetti executions in the 1920s,[173] and Boston's opposition to desegregation busing in the 1970s[174] show that the ethnic history of Massachusetts was not completely harmonious.
Languages[]
The most common varieties of American English spoken in Massachusetts, other than General American, are the cot-caught distinct, rhotic, western Massachusetts dialect and the cot-caught merged, non-rhotic, eastern Massachusetts dialect (popularly known as a "Boston accent").[175]
Language | Percentage of population (as of 2010)[176] |
---|---|
Spanish | 7.50% |
Portuguese | 2.97% |
Chinese (including Cantonese and Mandarin) | 1.59% |
French (including New England French) | 1.11% |
French Creole | 0.89% |
Italian | 0.72% |
Russian | 0.62% |
Vietnamese | 0.58% |
Greek | 0.41% |
Arabic and Khmer (Cambodian) (including all Austroasiatic languages) (tied) | 0.37% |
As of 2010, 78.93% (4,823,127) of Massachusetts residentsTemplate:Nbs5 and older spoke English at home as a first language, while 7.50% (458,256) spoke Spanish, 2.97% (181,437) Portuguese, 1.59% (96,690) Chinese (which includes Cantonese and Mandarin), 1.11% (67,788) French, 0.89% (54,456) French Creole, 0.72% (43,798) Italian, 0.62% (37,865) Russian, and Vietnamese was spoken as a primary language by 0.58% (35,283) of the population overTemplate:Nbs5. In total, 21.07% (1,287,419) of Massachusetts's populationTemplate:Nbs5 and older spoke a first language other than English.[149][176]
Religion[]
Massachusetts was founded and settled by Brownist Puritans in 1620[57] and soon after by other groups of Separatists/Dissenters, Nonconformists and Independents from 17th century England.[55] A majority of people in Massachusetts today remain Christians.[149] The descendants of the Puritans belong to many different churches; in the direct line of inheritance are the various Congregational churches, the United Church of Christ and congregations of the Unitarian Universalist Association. The headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association, long located on Beacon Hill, is now located in South Boston.[179][180] Many Puritan descendants also dispersed to other Protestant denominations. Some disaffiliated along with Roman Catholics and other Christian groups in the wake of modern secularization.
Today, Christians make up 57% of the state's population, with Protestants making up 21% of them. Roman Catholics make up 34% and now predominate because of massive immigration from primarily Catholic countries and regions—chiefly Ireland, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Quebec, and Latin America. Both Protestant and Roman Catholic communities have been in decline since the late 20th century, due to the rise of irreligion in New England. It is the most irreligious region of the country, along with the Western United States. A significant Jewish population immigrated to the Boston and Springfield areas between 1880 and 1920. Jews currently make up 3% of the population. Mary Baker Eddy made the Boston Mother Church of Christian Science serve as the world headquarters of this new religious movement. Buddhists, Pagans, Hindus, Seventh-day Adventists, Muslims, and Mormons may also be found. Kripalu Center in Stockbridge, the Shaolin Meditation Temple in Springfield, and the Insight Meditation Center in Barre are examples of non-Abrahamic religious centers in Massachusetts. According to 2010 data from The Association of Religion Data Archives, (ARDA) the largest single denominations are the Catholic Church with 2,940,199 adherents; the United Church of Christ with 86,639 adherents; and the Episcopal Church with 81,999 adherents.[181] 32% of the population identifies as having no religion.[182]
Education[]
In 2018, Massachusetts's overall educational system was ranked the top among all fifty U.S. states by U.S. News & World Report.[184] Massachusetts was the first state in North America to require municipalities to appoint a teacher or establish a grammar school with the passage of the Massachusetts Education Law of 1647,[185] and 19th century reforms pushed by Horace Mann laid much of the groundwork for contemporary universal public education[186][187] which was established in 1852.[94] Massachusetts is home to the oldest school in continuous existence in North America (The Roxbury Latin School, founded in 1645), as well as the country's oldest public elementary school (The Mather School, founded in 1639),[188] its oldest high school (Boston Latin School, founded in 1635),[189] its oldest continuously operating boarding school (The Governor's Academy, founded in 1763),[190] its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636),[191] and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837).[192] Massachusetts is also home to the highest ranked private high school in the United States, Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, which was founded in 1778.[193]
Massachusetts's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844.[194] In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third-highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress.[195] Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance.[36]
Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education.[196] Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general.[197] In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other Massachusetts universities currently rank in the top 50 at the undergraduate level nationally in the widely cited rankings of U.S. News and World Report: Tufts University (#27), Boston College (#32), Brandeis University (#34), Boston University (#37) and Northeastern University (#40). Massachusetts is also home to three of the top five U.S. News and World Report's best Liberal Arts Colleges: Williams College (#1), Amherst College (#2), and Wellesley College (#4).[198] Boston Architectural College is New England's largest private college of spatial design. The public University of Massachusetts (nicknamed UMass) features five campuses in the state, with its flagship campus in Amherst, which enrolls more than 25,000.[199][200]
Economy[]
The United States Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that the Massachusetts gross state product in 2020 was $584Template:Nbsbillion.[201] The per capita personal income in 2012 was $53,221, making it the third-highest state in the nation.[202] As of January 2022, Massachusetts state general minimum wage is $14.25 per hour while the minimum wage for tipped workers is $6.15 an hour, with a guarantee that employers will pay the difference should a tipped employee's hourly wage not meet or exceed the general minimum wage.[203] This wage is set to increase to a general minimum of $15.00 per hour and a tipped worker minimum of $6.75 per hour in January 2023, as part of a series of minimum wage amendments passed in 2018 that saw the minimum wage increase slowly every January up to 2023.[204]
In 2015, twelve Fortune 500 companies were located in Massachusetts: Liberty Mutual, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company, TJX Companies, General Electric, Raytheon, American Tower, Global Partners, Thermo Fisher Scientific, State Street Corporation, Biogen, Eversource Energy, and Boston Scientific.[205] CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2014" has recognized Massachusetts as the 25th-best state in the nation for business,[206] and for the second year in a row the state was ranked by Bloomberg as the most innovative state in America.[207] According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International, Massachusetts had the sixth-largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States, with a ratio of 6.73 percent.[208] Billionaires living in the state include past and present leaders (and related family) of local companies such as Fidelity Investments, New Balance, Kraft Group, Boston Scientific, and the former Continental Cablevision.[209]
Massachusetts has three foreign-trade zones, the Massachusetts Port Authority of Boston, the Port of New Bedford, and the City of Holyoke.[210] Boston-Logan International Airport is the busiest airport in New England, serving 33.4Template:Nbsmillion total passengers in 2015, and witnessing rapid growth in international air traffic since 2010.[211]
Sectors vital to the Massachusetts economy include higher education, biotechnology, information technology, finance, health care, tourism, manufacturing, and defense. The Route 128 corridor and Greater Boston continue to be a major center for venture capital investment,[212] and high technology remains an important sector. In recent years tourism has played an ever-important role in the state's economy, with Boston and Cape Cod being the leading destinations.[213] Other popular tourist destinations include Salem, Plymouth, and the Berkshires. Massachusetts is the sixth-most popular tourist destination for foreign travelers.[214] In 2010, the Great Places in Massachusetts Commission published '1,000 Great Places in Massachusetts' that identified 1,000 sites across the commonwealth to highlight the diverse historic, cultural, and natural attractions.[215]
While manufacturing comprised less than 10% of Massachusetts's gross state product in 2016, the Commonwealth ranked 16th in the nation in total manufacturing output in the United States.[216] This includes a diverse array of manufactured goods such as medical devices, paper goods, specialty chemicals and plastics, telecommunications and electronics equipment, and machined components.[217][218]
As of 2012, there were 7,755 farms in Massachusetts encompassing a total of 523,517 acres (2,120 km2), averaging 67.5 acres (Template:Convert/hectare) apiece.[219] Particular agricultural products of note include green house products making up more than one third of the state's agricultural output, cranberries, sweet corn and apples are also large sectors of production.[220] Massachusetts is the second-largest cranberry-producing state in the union after Wisconsin.[221]
The more than 33,000 nonprofits in Massachusetts employ one-sixth of the state's workforce.[222] In 2007, Governor Deval Patrick signed into law a state holiday, Nonprofit Awareness Day.
In February 2017, U.S. News & World Report ranked Massachusetts the best state in the United States based upon 60 metrics including healthcare, education, crime, infrastructure, opportunity, economy, and government. The Bay State ranked number one in education, number two in healthcare, and number five in the handling of the economy.[37]
Taxation[]
Depending on how it is calculated, state and local tax burden in Massachusetts has been estimated among U.S. states and Washington D.C. as 21st-highest (11.44% or $6,163 per year for a household with nationwide median income)[223] or 25th-highest overall with below-average corporate taxes (39th-highest), above-average personal income taxes, (13th-highest), above-average sales tax (18th-highest), and below-average property taxes (46th-highest).[224] In the 1970s, the Commonwealth ranked as a relatively high-tax state, gaining the pejorative nickname "Taxachusetts". This was followed by a round of tax limitations during the 1980s—a conservative period in American politics—including Proposition 2½.[225]
As of January 1, 2020, Massachusetts has a flat-rate personal income tax of 5.00%,[226] after a 2002 voter referendum to eventually lower the rate to 5.0%[227] as amended by the legislature.[228] There is a tax exemption for income below a threshold that varies from year to year. The corporate income tax rate is 8.8%,[229] and the short-term capital gains tax rate is 12%.[230] An unusual provision allows filers to voluntarily pay at the pre-referendum 5.85% income tax rate, which is done by between one and two thousand taxpayers per year.[231]
The state imposes a 6.25% sales tax[229] on retail sales of tangible personal property—except for groceries, clothing (up to $175.00), and periodicals.[232] The sales tax is charged on clothing that costs more than $175.00, for the amount exceeding $175.00.[232] Massachusetts also charges a use tax when goods are bought from other states and the vendor does not remit Massachusetts sales tax; taxpayers report and pay this on their income tax forms or dedicated forms, though there are "safe harbor" amounts that can be paid without tallying up actual purchases (except for purchases over $1,000).[232] There is no inheritance tax and limited Massachusetts estate tax related to federal estate tax collection.[230]
Energy[]
Massachusetts's electricity generation market was made competitive in 1998, enabling retail customers to change suppliers without changing utility companies.[233] In 2018, Massachusetts consumed 1,459Template:Nbstrillion BTU,[234] making it the seventh-lowest state in terms of consumption of energy per capita, and 31 percent of that energy came from natural gas.[234] In 2014 and 2015, Massachusetts was ranked as the most energy efficient state the United States[235][236] while Boston is the most efficient city,[237] but it had the fourth-highest average residential retail electricity prices of any state.[234] In 2018, renewable energy was about 7.2 percent of total energy consumed in the state, ranking 34th.[234]
Transportation[]
Massachusetts has 10 regional metropolitan planning organizations and three non-metropolitan planning organizations covering the remainder of the state;[238] statewide planning is handled by the Massachusetts Department of Transportation. Transportation is the single largest source of greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector in Massachusetts.[239]
Regional public transportation[]
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), also known as "TheTemplate:NbsT",[240] operates public transportation in the form of subway,[241] bus,[242] and ferry[243] systems in the Metro Boston area.
Fifteen other regional transit authorities provide public transportation in the form of bus services in the rest of the state.[244] Four heritage railways are also in operation:
- The Cape Cod Central Railroad, operating from Hyannis to Buzzard's Bay[245]
- The Berkshire Scenic Railway, operating from Lee to Great Barrington[246]
- Edaville Railroad in Carver
- The Lowell National Historical Park Trolley Line in Lowell
Long-distance rail and bus[]
Amtrak operates several inter-city rail lines connecting Massachusetts. Boston's South Station serves as the terminus for three lines, namely the high-speed Acela Express, which links to cities such as Providence, New Haven, New York City, and eventually Washington DC; the Northeast Regional, which follows the same route but includes many more stops, and also continues further south to Newport News in Virginia; and the Lake Shore Limited, which runs westward to Worcester, Springfield, and eventually Chicago.[247][248] Boston's other major station, North Station, serves as the southern terminus for Amtrak's Downeaster, which connects to Portland and Brunswick in Maine.[247]
Outside of Boston, Amtrak connects several cities across Massachusetts, along the aforementioned Acela, Northeast Regional, Lake Shore Limited, and Downeaster lines, as well as other routes in central and western Massachusetts. The Hartford Line connects Springfield to New Haven, operated in conjunction with the Connecticut Department of Transportation, and the Valley Flyer runs a similar route but continues further north to Greenfield. Several stations in western Massachusetts are also served by the Vermonter, which connects St. Albans, Vermont to Washington DC.[247]
Amtrak carries more passengers between Boston and New York than all airlines combined (about 54% of market share in 2012),[249] but service between other cities is less frequent. There, more frequent intercity service is provided by private bus carriers, including Peter Pan Bus Lines (headquartered in Springfield), Greyhound Lines, OurBus, BoltBus and Plymouth and Brockton Street Railway. Various Chinatown bus lines depart for New York from South Station in Boston.
MBTA Commuter Rail services run throughout the larger Greater Boston area, including service to Worcester, Fitchburg, Haverhill, Newburyport, Lowell, and Plymouth.[250] This overlaps with the service areas of neighboring regional transportation authorities. As of the summer of 2013 the Cape Cod Regional Transit Authority in collaboration with the MBTA and the Massachusetts Department of Transportation (MassDOT) is operating the CapeFLYER providing passenger rail service between Boston and Cape Cod.[251][252]
Ferry[]
Ferry services are operated throughout different regions of the states.
Most ports north of Cape Cod are served by Boston Harbor Cruises, which operates ferry services in and around Greater Boston under contract with the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Several routes connect the downtown area with Hingham, Hull, Winthrop, Salem, Logan Airport, Charlestown, and some of the islands located within the harbor. The same company also operates seasonal service between Boston and Provincetown.[253]
On the southern shore of the state, several different passenger ferry lines connect Martha's Vineyard to ports along the mainland, including Woods Hole, Hyannis, New Bedford, and Falmouth, all in Massachusetts, as well as North Kingstown in Rhode Island, Highlands in New Jersey, and New York City in New York.[254] Similarly, several different lines connect Nantucket to ports including Hyannis, New Bedford, Harwich, and New York City.[255] Service between the two islands is also offered. The dominant companies serving these routes include SeaStreak, Hy-Line Cruises, and The Steamship Authority, the latter of which regulates all passenger services in the region and is also the only company permitted to offer freight ferry services to the islands.[256]
Other ferry connections in the state include a line between Fall River and Block Island via Newport,[257] seasonal ferry service connecting Plymouth to Provincetown,[258] and a service between New Bedford and Cuttyhunk.[259]
Rail freight[]
As of 2018, a number of freight railroads were operating in Massachusetts, with Class I railroad CSX being the largest carrier, and another Class 1, Norfolk Southern serving the state via its Pan Am Southern joint partnership. Several regional and short line railroads also provide service and connect with other railroads.[260] Massachusetts has a total of 1,110 miles (1,790 km) of freight trackage in operation.[261][262]
Air service[]
Boston Logan International Airport served 33.5Template:Nbsmillion passengers in 2015 (up from 31.6Template:Nbsmillion in 2014)[211] through 103 gates.[263][264] Logan, Hanscom Field in Bedford, and Worcester Regional Airport are operated by Massport, an independent state transportation agency.[264] Massachusetts has 39 public-use airfields[265] and more than 200 private landing spots.[266] Some airports receive funding from the Aeronautics Division of the Massachusetts Department of Transportation and the Federal Aviation Administration; the FAA is also the primary regulator of Massachusetts air travel.[267]
Roads[]
There are a total of 36,800 miles (59,200 km) of interstates and other highways in Massachusetts.[268] [[Massachusetts Turnpike|InterstateTemplate:Nbs90]] (I-90, also known as the Massachusetts Turnpike), is the longest interstate in Massachusetts. The route travels 136 mi (219 km) generally west to east, entering Massachusetts at the New York state line in the town of West Stockbridge, and passes just north of Springfield, just south of Worcester and through Framingham before terminating near Logan International Airport in Boston.[269] Other major interstates include I-91, which travels generally north and south along the Connecticut River; I-93, which travels north and south through central Boston, then passes through Methuen before entering New Hampshire; and I-95, which connects Providence, Rhode Island with Greater Boston, forming a partial loop concurrent with [[Massachusetts Route 128|RouteTemplate:Nbs128]] around the more urbanized areas before continuing north along the coast into New Hampshire.
I-495 forms a wide loop around the outer edge of Greater Boston. Other major interstates in Massachusetts include I-291, I-391, I-84, I-195, I-395, I-290, and I-190. Major non-interstate highways in Massachusetts include U.S. Routes 1, 3, 6, and 20, and state routes 2, 3, 9, 24, and 128. A great majority of interstates in Massachusetts were constructed during the mid-20th century, and at times were controversial, particularly the intent to route I-95 northeastwards from Providence, Rhode Island, directly through central Boston, first proposed in 1948. Opposition to continued construction grew, and in 1970 Governor Francis W. Sargent issued a general prohibition on most further freeway construction within the I-95/Route 128 loop in the Boston area.[270] A massive undertaking to bring I-93 underground in downtown Boston, called the Big Dig, brought the city's highway system under public scrutiny for its high cost and construction quality.[101]
Government and politics[]
Massachusetts has a long political history; earlier political structures included the Mayflower Compact of 1620, the separate Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, and the combined colonial Province of Massachusetts. The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780 while the Revolutionary War was in progress, four years after the Articles of Confederation was drafted, and eight years before the present United States Constitution was ratified on June 21, 1788. Drafted by John Adams, the Massachusetts Constitution is currently the oldest functioning written constitution in continuous effect in the world.[271][272][273] It has been amended 120 times, most recently in 2000.
Massachusetts politics since the second half of the 20th century have generally been dominated by the Democratic Party, and the state has a reputation for being the most liberal state in the country.[274] In 1974, Elaine Noble became the first openly lesbian or gay candidate elected to a state legislature in US history.[275] The state's 12th congressional district elected the first openly gay member of the United States House of Representatives, Gerry Studds, in 1972[276] and in 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to allow same-sex marriage.[28] In 2006, Massachusetts became the first state to approve a law that provided for nearly universal healthcare.[277][278] Massachusetts has a pro-sanctuary city law.[279]
In a 2020 study, Massachusetts was ranked as the 11th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[280]
Government[]
The Government of Massachusetts is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The governor of Massachusetts heads the executive branch; duties of the governor include signing or vetoing legislation, filling judicial and agency appointments, granting pardons, preparing an annual budget, and commanding the Massachusetts National Guard.[281] Massachusetts governors, unlike those of most other states, are addressed as His/Her Excellency.[281] The current governor is Charlie Baker,[282] a Republican from Swampscott.[283] The executive branch also includes the Executive Council, which is made up of eight elected councilors and the Lieutenant Governor seat,[281] currently occupied by Karyn Polito, a Republican from Shrewsbury.[282]
Abilities of the Council include confirming gubernatorial appointments and certifying elections.[281] The Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate comprise the legislature of Massachusetts, known as the Massachusetts General Court.[281] The House consists of 160 members while the Senate has 40 members.[281] Leaders of the House and Senate are chosen by the members of those bodies; the leader of the House is known as the Speaker while the leader of the Senate is known as the President.[281] Each branch consists of several committees.[281] Members of both bodies are elected to two-year terms.[284]
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (a chief justice and six associates) are appointed by the governor and confirmed by the executive council, as are all other judges in the state.[281]
The Congressional delegation from Massachusetts is entirely Democratic.[285] Currently, the Senators are Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey while the Representatives are Richard Neal (1st), Jim McGovern (2nd), Lori Trahan (3rd), Jake Auchincloss (4th), Katherine Clark (5th), Seth Moulton (6th), Ayanna Pressley (7th), Stephen Lynch (8th), and Bill Keating (9th).[286]
Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, and appeals are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.[287] In U.S. presidential elections since 2012, Massachusetts has been allotted 11 votes in the electoral college, out of a total of 538.[288] Like most states, Massachusetts's electoral votes are granted in a winner-take-all system.[289]
Politics[]
Year | Republican / Whig | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 1,167,202 | 32.14% | 2,382,202 | 65.60% | 81,998 | 2.26% |
2016 | 1,090,893 | 32.81% | 1,995,196 | 60.01% | 238,957 | 7.19% |
2012 | 1,188,460 | 37.52% | 1,921,761 | 60.67% | 57,546 | 1.82% |
2008 | 1,108,854 | 35.99% | 1,904,098 | 61.80% | 68,117 | 2.21% |
2004 | 1,071,109 | 36.78% | 1,803,800 | 61.94% | 37,479 | 1.29% |
2000 | 878,502 | 32.50% | 1,616,487 | 59.80% | 207,995 | 7.70% |
1996 | 718,107 | 28.09% | 1,571,763 | 61.47% | 266,915 | 10.44% |
1992 | 805,049 | 29.03% | 1,318,662 | 47.54% | 649,863 | 23.43% |
1988 | 1,194,635 | 45.37% | 1,401,415 | 53.23% | 36,755 | 1.40% |
1984 | 1,310,936 | 51.22% | 1,239,606 | 48.43% | 8,911 | 0.35% |
1980 | 1,057,631 | 41.90% | 1,053,802 | 41.75% | 412,865 | 16.36% |
1976 | 1,030,276 | 40.44% | 1,429,475 | 56.11% | 87,807 | 3.45% |
1972 | 1,112,078 | 45.23% | 1,332,540 | 54.20% | 14,138 | 0.58% |
1968 | 766,844 | 32.89% | 1,469,218 | 63.01% | 95,690 | 4.10% |
1964 | 549,727 | 23.44% | 1,786,422 | 76.19% | 8,649 | 0.37% |
1960 | 976,750 | 39.55% | 1,487,174 | 60.22% | 5,556 | 0.22% |
1956 | 1,393,197 | 59.32% | 948,190 | 40.37% | 7,119 | 0.30% |
1952 | 1,292,325 | 54.22% | 1,083,525 | 45.46% | 7,548 | 0.32% |
1948 | 909,370 | 43.16% | 1,151,788 | 54.66% | 45,988 | 2.18% |
1944 | 921,350 | 46.99% | 1,035,296 | 52.80% | 4,019 | 0.20% |
1940 | 939,700 | 46.36% | 1,076,522 | 53.11% | 10,771 | 0.53% |
1936 | 768,613 | 41.76% | 942,716 | 51.22% | 129,028 | 7.01% |
1932 | 736,959 | 46.64% | 800,148 | 50.64% | 43,007 | 2.72% |
1928 | 775,566 | 49.15% | 792,758 | 50.24% | 9,499 | 0.60% |
1924 | 703,476 | 62.26% | 280,831 | 24.86% | 145,530 | 12.88% |
1920 | 681,153 | 68.55% | 276,691 | 27.84% | 35,874 | 3.61% |
1916 | 268,784 | 50.54% | 247,894 | 46.61% | 15,154 | 2.85% |
1912 | 155,948 | 31.95% | 173,408 | 35.53% | 158,701 | 32.52% |
1908 | 265,966 | 58.21% | 155,543 | 34.04% | 35,410 | 7.75% |
1904 | 257,822 | 57.92% | 165,746 | 37.24% | 21,541 | 4.84% |
1900 | 238,866 | 57.59% | 156,997 | 37.85% | 18,941 | 4.57% |
1896 | 278,976 | 69.47% | 105,711 | 26.32% | 16,881 | 4.20% |
1892 | 202,814 | 51.87% | 176,813 | 45.22% | 11,401 | 2.92% |
1888 | 183,892 | 53.42% | 151,590 | 44.04% | 8,761 | 2.55% |
1884 | 146,724 | 48.36% | 122,352 | 40.33% | 34,307 | 11.31% |
1880 | 165,198 | 58.53% | 111,720 | 39.58% | 5,347 | 1.89% |
1876 | 150,064 | 57.80% | 108,777 | 41.90% | 779 | 0.30% |
1872 | 133,455 | 69.20% | 59,195 | 30.69% | 214 | 0.11% |
1868 | 136,379 | 69.76% | 59,103 | 30.23% | 26 | 0.01% |
1864 | 126,742 | 72.22% | 48,745 | 27.78% | 3 | 0.00% |
1860 | 106,684 | 62.80% | 34,370 | 20.23% | 28,822 | 16.97% |
1856 | 108,172 | 63.61% | 39,244 | 23.08% | 22,632 | 13.31% |
1852 | 52,683 | 41.45% | 44,569 | 35.07% | 29,851 | 23.49% |
1848 | 61,072 | 45.32% | 35,281 | 26.18% | 38,395 | 28.49% |
1844 | 67,062 | 50.79% | 53,039 | 40.17% | 11,936 | 9.04% |
1840 | 72,852 | 57.44% | 52,355 | 41.28% | 1,618 | 1.28% |
1836 | 41,201 | 55.13% | 33,486 | 44.81% | 45 | 0.06% |
Massachusetts has shifted from a previously Republican-leaning state to one largely dominated by Democrats; the 1952 victory of John F. Kennedy over incumbent Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. is seen as a watershed moment in this transformation. His younger brother Edward M. Kennedy held that seat until his death from a brain tumor in 2009.[291] Since the 1950s, Massachusetts has gained a reputation as being a politically liberal state and is often used as an archetype of modern liberalism, hence the phrase "Massachusetts liberal".[292]
Massachusetts is one of the most Democratic states in the country. Democratic core concentrations are everywhere, except for a handful of Republican leaning towns in the Central and Southern parts of the state. Until recently, Republicans were dominant in the Western and Northern suburbs of Boston, however both areas heavily swung Democratic in the Trump era. The state as a whole has not given its Electoral College votes to a Republican in a presidential election since Ronald Reagan carried it in 1984. Additionally, Massachusetts provided Reagan with his smallest margins of victory in both the 1980[293] and 1984 elections.[294] Massachusetts had been the only state to vote for Democrat George McGovern in the 1972 Presidential Election. In 2020, Biden received 65.6% of the vote, the best performance in over 50 years for a Democrat.
Democrats have an absolute grip on the Massachusetts congressional delegation; there are no Republicans elected to serve at the federal level. Both Senators and all nine Representatives are Democrats; only one Republican (former Senator Scott Brown) has been elected to either house of Congress from Massachusetts since 1994. Massachusetts is the most populous state to be represented in the United States Congress entirely by a single party.
Party registration as of February 2021[295] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Total voters | Percentage | |||
style="background-color:Template:Independent politician/meta/color;" width=10px | | Unenrolled | 2,717,293 | 57.42% | ||
style="background-color:#3333FF;" width=10px | | Democratic | 1,494,980 | 31.59% | ||
style="background-color:#FF3333;" width=10px | | Republican | 459,663 | 9.71% | ||
style="background-color:Template:Other parties (US)/meta/color;" width=10px | | Other | 60,004 | 1.27% | ||
Total | 4,731,940 | 100% |
As of the 2018 elections, the Democratic Party holds a super-majority over the Republican Party in both chambers of the Massachusetts General Court (state legislature). Out of the state house's 160 seats, Democrats hold 127 seats (79%) compared to the Republican Party's 32 seats (20%), an independent sits in the remaining one,[296] and 37 out of the 40 seats in the state senate (92.5%) belong to the Democratic Party compared to the Republican Party's three seats (7.5%).[297] Both houses of the legislature have had Democratic majorities since the 1950s.
Despite the state's Democratic-leaning tendency, Massachusetts has generally elected Republicans as Governor: only one Democrat (Deval Patrick) has served as governor since 1991, and among gubernatorial election results from 2002 to 2018, Republican nominees garnered 48.4% of the vote compared to 45.7% for Democratic nominees.[298] These have been considered to be among the most moderate Republican leaders in the nation;[299][300] they have received higher net favorability ratings from the state's Democrats than Republicans.[301]
A number of contemporary national political issues have been influenced by events in Massachusetts, such as the decision in 2003 by the state Supreme Judicial Court allowing same-sex marriage[302] and a 2006 bill which mandated health insurance for all Bay Staters.[303] In 2008, Massachusetts voters passed an initiative decriminalizing possession of small amounts of marijuana.[304] Voters in Massachusetts also approved a ballot measure in 2012 that legalized the medical use of marijuana.[305] Following the approval of a ballot question endorsing legalization in 2016, Massachusetts began issuing licenses for the regulated sale of recreational marijuana in June 2018. The licensed sale of recreational marijuana became legal on July 1, 2018; however, the lack of state-approved testing facilities prevented the sale of any product for several weeks.[306] However, in 2020, a ballot initiative to implement Ranked-Choice Voting failed, despite being championed by many progressives.
Massachusetts is one of the most pro-choice states in the Union. A 2014 Pew Research Center poll found that 74% of Massachusetts residents supported the right to an abortion in all/most cases, making Massachusetts the most pro-choice state in the United States.[307]
In 2020, the state legislature overrode Governor Charlie Baker's veto of the ROE Act, a controversial law that codified existing abortion laws in case the Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade, dropped the age of parental consent for those seeking an abortion from 18 to 16, and legalized abortion after 24 weeks, if a fetus had fatal anomalies, or "to preserve the patient's physical or mental health."[308]
Cities, towns, and counties[]
There are 50 cities and 301 towns in Massachusetts, grouped into 14 counties.[309] The fourteen counties, moving roughly from west to east, are Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Hampden, Worcester, Middlesex, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Bristol, Plymouth, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket. Eleven communities which call themselves "towns" are, by law, cities since they have traded the town meeting form of government for a mayor-council or manager-council form.[310]
Boston is the state capital in Massachusetts. The population of the city proper is 692,600,[311] and Greater Boston, with a population of 4,873,019, is the 11th largest metropolitan area in the nation.[312] Other cities with a population over 100,000 include Worcester, Springfield, Lowell, and Cambridge. Plymouth is the largest municipality in the state by land area, followed by Middleborough.[309]
Massachusetts, along with the five other New England states, features the local governmental structure known as the New England town.[313] In this structure, incorporated towns—as opposed to townships or counties—hold many of the responsibilities and powers of local government.[313] Most of the county governments were abolished by the state of Massachusetts beginning in 1997 including Middlesex County,[314] the largest county in the state by population.[315][316] The voters of these now-defunct counties elect only Sheriffs and Registers of Deeds, who are part of the state government. Other counties have been reorganized, and a few still retain county councils.[317]
Rank | County | Pop. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boston Worcester |
1 | Boston | Suffolk | 692,600 | Springfield Cambridge | ||||
2 | Worcester | Worcester | 185,428 | ||||||
3 | Springfield | Hampden | 155,929 | ||||||
4 | Cambridge | Middlesex | 118,927 | ||||||
5 | Lowell | Middlesex | 110,997 | ||||||
6 | Brockton | Plymouth | 95,708 | ||||||
7 | New Bedford | Bristol | 95,363 | ||||||
8 | Quincy | Norfolk | 94,470 | ||||||
9 | Lynn | Essex | 94,299 | ||||||
10 | Fall River | Bristol | 89,541 |
Arts, culture, and recreation[]
Massachusetts has contributed to American arts and culture. Drawing from its Native American and Yankee roots, along with later immigrant groups, Massachusetts has produced several writers, artists, and musicians. Some major museums and important historical sites are also located there, and events and festivals throughout the year celebrate the state's history and heritage.[320]
Massachusetts was an early center of the Transcendentalist movement, which emphasized intuition, emotion, human individuality and a deeper connection with nature.[89] Ralph Waldo Emerson, who was born in Boston but spent much of his later life in Concord, largely created the philosophy with his 1836 work Nature, and continued to be a key figure in the movement for the remainder of his life. Emerson's friend, Henry David Thoreau, who was also involved in Transcendentalism, recorded his year spent alone in a small cabin at nearby Walden Pond in the 1854 work Walden; or, Life in the Woods.[321]
Other famous authors and poets born or strongly associated with Massachusetts include Anne Bradstreet, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Louisa May Alcott, Robert Frost, Emily Dickinson, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Edith Wharton, e.e. cummings, Herman Melville, W.E.B. Du Bois, Sylvia Plath, Elizabeth Bishop, John Updike, Anne Sexton, H.P. Lovecraft, Edgar Allan Poe, Helen Hunt Jackson, Khalil Gibran, Mary Higgins Clark, Amelia Atwater-Rhodes, Jack Kerouac and Theodor Seuss Geisel, better known as "Dr. Seuss".[322][323][324] Famous painters from Massachusetts include Winslow Homer and Norman Rockwell;[324] many of the latter's works are on display at the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge.[325]
Massachusetts is also an important center for the performing arts. Both the Boston Symphony Orchestra and Boston Pops Orchestra are based in Massachusetts.[326] Other orchestras in Massachusetts include the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra in Barnstable, the New Bedford Symphony Orchestra,[327] and the Springfield Symphony Orchestra.[328][329] Tanglewood, in western Massachusetts, is a music venue that is home to both the Tanglewood Music Festival and Tanglewood Jazz Festival, as well as the summer host for the Boston Symphony Orchestra.[330]
Other performing arts and theater organizations in Massachusetts include the Boston Ballet, the Boston Lyric Opera,[326] and the Lenox-based Shakespeare & Company. In addition to classical and folk music, Massachusetts has produced musicians and bands spanning a number of contemporary genres, such as the classic rock band Aerosmith, the proto-punk band The Modern Lovers, the new wave band The Cars, and the alternative rock band Pixies.[331] The state has also been the birthplace of the Nu Metal and Heavy Metal bands Staind and Godsmack, since they both formed in 1995, in Springfield and in Lawrence respectively.[332][333] Film events in the state include the Boston Film Festival, the Boston International Film Festival, and a number of smaller film festivals in various cities throughout Massachusetts.[334]
Massachusetts is home to a large number of museums and historical sites. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, and the DeCordova contemporary art and sculpture museum in Lincoln are all located within Massachusetts,[335] and the Maria Mitchell Association in Nantucket includes several observatories, museums, and an aquarium.[336] Historically themed museums and sites such as the Springfield Armory National Historic Site in Springfield,[109] Boston's Freedom Trail and nearby Minute Man National Historical Park, both of which preserve a number of sites important during the American Revolution,[109][337] the Lowell National Historical Park, which focuses on some of the earliest mills and canals of the industrial revolution in the US,[109] the Black Heritage Trail in Boston, which includes important African-American and abolitionist sites in Boston,[338] and the New Bedford Whaling National Historical Park[109] all showcase various periods of Massachusetts's history.
Plimoth Plantation and Old Sturbridge Village are two open-air or "living" museums in Massachusetts, recreating life as it was in the 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively.[339][340]
Boston's annual St. Patrick's Day parade and "Harborfest", a week-long Fourth of July celebration featuring a fireworks display and concert by the Boston Pops as well as a turnaround cruise in Boston Harbor by the USS Constitution, are popular events.[341] The New England Summer Nationals, an auto show in Worcester, draws tens of thousands of attendees every year.[342] The Boston Marathon is also a popular event in the state drawing more than 30,000 runners and tens of thousands of spectators annually.[343]
Long-distance hiking trails in Massachusetts include the Appalachian Trail, the New England National Scenic Trail, the Metacomet-Monadnock Trail, the Midstate Trail, and the Bay Circuit Trail.[344] Other outdoor recreational activities in Massachusetts include sailing and yachting, freshwater and deep-sea fishing,[345] whale watching,[346] downhill and cross-country skiing,[347] and hunting.[348]
Massachusetts is one of the states with the largest percentage of Catholics. It has many sanctuaries such as the National Shrine of The Divine Mercy (Stockbridge, Massachusetts).[349]
Media[]
There are two major television media markets located in Massachusetts. The Boston/Manchester market is the fifth-largest in the United States.[350] The other market surrounds the Springfield area.[351] WGBH-TV in Boston is a major public television station and produces national programs such as Nova, Frontline, and American Experience.[352][353]
The Boston Globe, Boston Herald, Springfield Republican, and the Worcester Telegram & Gazette are Massachusetts's largest daily newspapers.[354] In addition, there are many community dailies and weeklies. The Associated Press maintains a bureau in Boston, and local news wire the State House News Service feeds coverage of state government to other Massachusetts media outlets. There are a number of major AM and FM stations which serve Massachusetts,[355] along with many more regional and community-based stations. Some colleges and universities also operate campus television and radio stations, and print their own newspapers.[356][357][358]
Health[]
Massachusetts generally ranks highly among states in most health and disease prevention categories. In 2015, the United Health Foundation ranked the state as third-healthiest overall.[360] Massachusetts has the most doctors per 100,000 residents,[361] the second-lowest infant mortality rate,[362] and the lowest percentage of uninsured residents (children as well as the total population).[363] According to Businessweek, commonwealth residents have an average life expectancy of 80.41 years, the fifth-longest in the country.[364] 37.2% of the population is overweight and 21.7% is obese,[365] and Massachusetts ranks sixth-highest in the percentage of residents who are considered neither obese nor overweight (41.1%).[365] Massachusetts also ranks above average in the prevalence of binge drinking, which is the 20th-highest in the country.[366]
The nation's first Marine Hospital was erected by federal order in Boston in 1799.[367][368] There are currently a total of 143 hospitals in the state.[369] According to 2015 rankings by U.S. News & World Report, Massachusetts General Hospital is ranked in the top three in two health care specialties.[370] Massachusetts General was founded in 1811 and serves as the largest teaching hospital for nearby Harvard University.[371]
The state of Massachusetts is a center for medical education and research including Harvard's Brigham and Women's Hospital, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute[372] as well as the New England Baptist Hospital, Tufts Medical Center, and Boston Medical Center which is the primary teaching hospital for Boston University.[373] The University of Massachusetts Medical School is located in Worcester.[374] The Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences has two of its three campuses in Boston and Worcester.[375]
Sports[]
Massachusetts is home to five major league professional sports teams: seventeen-time NBA Champions Boston Celtics,[376] nine-time World Series winners Boston Red Sox,[377] six-time Stanley Cup winners Boston Bruins,[378] six-time Super Bowl winners New England Patriots,[379] and Major League Soccer team New England Revolution.[380]
In the late 19th century, the Olympic sports of basketball[26] and volleyball[27] were invented in the Western Massachusetts cities of Springfield[26] and Holyoke,[27] respectively. The Basketball Hall of Fame is a major tourist destination in the City of Springfield and the Volleyball Hall of Fame is located in Holyoke.[27] The American Hockey League (AHL), the NHL's development league, is headquartered in Springfield.[381]
Several universities in Massachusetts are notable for their collegiate athletics. The state is home to two [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision|DivisionTemplate:NbsI FBS]] teams, Boston College of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and FBS Independent University of Massachusetts at Amherst. FCS play includes Harvard University, which competes in the famed Ivy League, and College of the Holy Cross of the Patriot League. Boston University, Northeastern University, UMASS Lowell, and Merrimack College also participate in DivisionTemplate:NbsI athletics.[382][383] Many other Massachusetts colleges compete in lower divisions such as [[Division III (NCAA)|DivisionTemplate:NbsIII]], where MIT, Tufts University, Amherst College, Williams College, and others field competitive teams.
Massachusetts is also the home of rowing events such as the Eastern Sprints on Lake Quinsigamond and the Head of the Charles Regatta.[384] A number of major golf events have taken place in Massachusetts, including nine U.S. Opens and two Ryder Cups.[385][386] Massachusetts is also the home of the Cape Cod Baseball League, and Premier Lacrosse League team Cannons Lacrosse Club.[387]
Massachusetts has produced several successful Olympians including Thomas Burke, James Connolly, and John Thomas (track & field); Butch Johnson (archery); Nancy Kerrigan (figure skating); Todd Richards (snowboarding); Albina Osipowich (swimming); Aly Raisman (gymnastics); Patrick Ewing (basketball); as well as Jim Craig, Mike Eruzione, Bill Cleary, and Keith Tkachuk (ice hockey).[388][389]
See also[]
Notes[]
- ^ Massachusetts is one of only four U.S. states to use the term "Commonwealth" in its official name, along with Kentucky, Virginia, and Pennsylvania
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry
References[]
- ^ "50 States". Retrieved on November 3, 2012. .
- ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". .
- ^ "A Colorful Battle Is Lodge vs. Curley". The Milwaukee Journal. Oct 18, 1936. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19361018&id=A65QAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ASIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7015,741245. Retrieved November 3, 2012. "One of the Codfish State...".
- ^ "Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 2, Section 35: Designation of citizens of commonwealth". The Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/2-35.htm. Retrieved February 29, 2008.
- ^ (1877) "Collections". .
- ^ Jones, Thomas (1879). DeLancey, Edward Floyd. ed. History of New York During the Revolutionary War. New York: New York Historical Society. p. 465. http://books.google.com/books?id=pbuXATAHXMEC.
- ^ wiktionary:Massachusettsian.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs named2000census
- ^ "Greylock RM 1 Reset". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=MZ1957.
- ^ a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
- ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ Levenson, Michael (August 9, 2006). "Can you guess the state sport of Massachusetts?". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/08/09/can_you_guess_the_state_sport_of_massachusetts/. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
- ^ a b Douglas, Craig. "Greater Boston gains population, remains 10th-largest region in U.S". bizjournals.com. http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2010/03/22/daily22.html?page=all.
- ^ "Maritime Commerce". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/commerce.htm.
- ^ "History of Lowell, Massachusetts". City of Lowell. http://www.lowell.com/city-of-lowell/lowell-history/.
- ^ "Staying Power: The Future of Manufacturing in Massachusetts". The Center for Urban and Regional Policy School of Social Science, Urban Affairs, and Public Policy Northeastern University. http://masstech.org/sites/mtc/files/documents/Staying_Power.pdf.
- ^ "Housing and Economic Development:Key Industries". http://www.mass.gov/hed/economic/industries/.
- ^ "The 1692 Salem Witch Trials". Salem Witch Trials Museum. http://www.salemwitchmuseum.com/education.
- ^ "Springfield Armory: Technology in Transition". National Park Service United States Department of the Interior. http://www.nps.gov/spar/learn/education/upload/Springfield%20Technology%20Lesson.pdf.
- ^ a b c "Shays' Rebellion". ushistory.org. http://www.ushistory.org/us/15a.asp.
- ^ "The First Great Awakening—Jonathan Edwards". revival-library.org. http://www.revival-library.org/pensketches/revivals/1st_edwards.html.
- ^ "Faneuil Hall". Celebrateboston.com. http://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/faneuil-hall.htm.
- ^ "The Temperance Issue in the Election of 1840: Massachusetts". Teachushistory.org. http://www.teachushistory.org/second-great-awakening-age-reform/articles/temperance-issue-election-1840-massachusetts.
- ^ Packer, Barbara (2007). The Transcendentalists. University of Georgia Press; First edition (April 25, 2007). ISBN 978-0820329581.
- ^ "Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts". Masshist.org. http://www.masshist.org/online/abolition/index.php.
- ^ a b c "Springfield College: The Birthplace of Basketball". Springfieldcollege.edu. http://www.springfieldcollege.edu/welcome/birthplace-of-basketball/#.VTa-7CFVhBc.
- ^ a b c d "The International Volleyball Hall of Fame". Volleyball.org. http://www.volleyhall.org/about-us.html.
- ^ a b c "Massachusetts court strikes down ban on same-sex marriage". Reuters. November 18, 2003. http://www.cnn.com/2003/LAW/11/18/gay.marriage.reut/.
- ^ "History of Harvard University". Harvard University. http://www.harvard.edu/history.
- ^ Tamar Lewin (January 28, 2015). "Harvard's Endowment Remains Biggest of All". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/us/harvards-endowment-remains-biggest-of-all.html?_r=0.
- ^ Richard Wolf (March 16, 2016). "Meet Merrick Garland, Obama's Supreme Court nominee". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/03/16/merrick-garland-supreme-court-obama-nominee/81529760/.
- ^ "Kendall Square Initiative". MIT. https://kendallsquare.mit.edu/.
- ^ Lelund Cheung. "When a neighborhood is crowned the most innovative square mile in the world, how do you keep it that way?". http://archive.boston.com/business/innovation/blogs/inside-the-hive/2013/05/02/when-neighborhood-crowned-the-most-innovative-square-mile-the-world-how-you-keep-that-way/B1QxCjswQZZuG21WBdyBWK/blog.html.
- ^ a b [1] Times Higher Education. Accessed December 3, 2016.
- ^ "Average IQ by State". World Population Review. https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/average-iq-by-state. "The highest-ranking state in terms of average IQ is Massachusetts, with an average IQ score of 104.3"
- ^ a b "Massachusetts Students Score among World Leaders on PISA Reading, Science and Math Tests". http://www.doe.mass.edu/news/news.aspx?id=24050.
- ^ a b "Best States Overall Ranking". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings.
- ^ Fermino, Jessie Little Doe (2000). Introduction to Wampanoag Grammar (Thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8740.
- ^ Tooker, William Wallace (1904). Algonquian Names of some Mountains and Hills. American Folk-lore Society. p. 175. https://archive.org/details/jstor-533961.
- ^ Salwen, Bert, 1978. Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period. In "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 160–76. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. Quoted in: Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 401
- ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Place Names of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 270
- ^ "East Squantum Street (Moswetuset Hummock)". Thomas Crane Public Library. 1986. http://thomascranelibrary.org/htm/436.htm.
- ^ Neal, Daniel (1747). "XIV: The Present State of New England". The history of New-England. 2 (2 ed.). London: A. Ward. p. 216. OCLC 8616817. https://books.google.com/books?id=u3opAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA216.
- ^ "Part One: Concise Facts—Name". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1a.htm.
- ^ "Why is Massachusetts a Commonwealth?". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/anf/research-and-tech/legal-and-legislative-resources/why-is-massachusetts-a-commonwealth.html. "The term 'Commonwealth' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or legal relationship when used by a state. Those [U.S. states] that do use it are equal to those that do not. Legally, Massachusetts is a commonwealth because the term is contained in the Constitution."
- ^ "Kentucky as a Commonwealth". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. http://kdla.ky.gov/resources/kycommonwealth.htm.
- ^
Finucane, Martin. "Why do we call Massachusetts a 'commonwealth'? Blame John Adams". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2018/01/23/why-call-massachusetts-commonwealth-blame-john-adams/8n9gWNMBkFr55xi91HkcnI/story.html. "A previous draft of the state constitution, proposed by the Legislature and rejected, had used the name 'State of Massachusetts Bay'.
At the time, the word was used to mean 'republic', and there might have been some antimonarchical sentiment in using it, according to the Massachusetts secretary of state's website." - ^ a b Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 6–7.
- ^ a b "Origin & Early Mohican History". Stockbridge-Munsee Community—Band of Mohican Indians. http://mohican-nsn.gov/Departments/Library-Museum/Mohican_History/origin-and-early.htm.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 7.
- ^ Hoxie, Frederick E (1996). Encyclopedia of North American Indians. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-395-66921-1. OCLC 34669430. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofno00hoxi.
- ^ (February 2010) "New hypothesis for cause of an epidemic among Native Americans, New England, 1616–1619". Emerging Infectious Diseases 16 (2): 281–286. DOI:10.3201/e0di1602.090276. PMID 20113559.
- ^ Kaplow, David (2003). Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge. University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0520242203.
- ^ "THE PILGRIMS". History.com. http://www.history.com/topics/pilgrims.
- ^ a b Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 29–30.
- ^ Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 30.
- ^ a b "The New England Colonies". ushistory.org. http://www.ushistory.org/us/3.asp.
- ^ Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 29.
- ^ "Charter Of Massachusetts Bay 1629". let.rug.nl. http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/1600-1650/charter-of-massachusetts-bay-1629.php.
- ^ Michael Mullett: "Curwen, Thomas (c. 1610–1680)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, UK: OUP, 2004) Retrieved 17 November 2015
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 30–32.
- ^ Barrows, Charles Henry (1911). The History of Springfield in Massachusetts for the Young: Being Also in Some Part the History of Other Towns and Cities in the County of Hampden. The Connecticut Valley Historical Society. pp. 46–48. US 13459.5.7.
- ^ William Pynchon Archived September 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Bio.umass.edu. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
- ^ "Connecticut's "Southwick Jog"". Connecticut State Library. http://www.ctstatelibrary.org/subjectguides/connecticuts-southwick-jog.
- ^ Brooks, Rebecca Beatrice (January 14, 2020). "Why Was the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter Revoked?". https://historyofmassachusetts.org/massachusetts-bay-colony-charter-revoked/.
- ^ a b Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 66.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 50.
- ^ Perley, Sidney (April 18, 2014). "Historic Earthquakes". USGS. Earthquake Hazards Program. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/states/events/1755_11_18_hs.php.
- ^ "Memorandum". Boston Gazette: p. 1. November 24, 1755.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 63–83.
- ^ "The Intolerable Acts". ushistory.org. http://www.ushistory.org/us/9g.asp.
- ^ Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 88–90.
- ^ Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 96–97.
- ^ "Massachusetts Legal Holidays". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cishol/holidx.htm.
- ^ "John Fraylor. Salem Maritime National Historic Park". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/revwar/about_the_revolution/privateers.html.
- ^ "The Declaration of Independence". PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/adams/peopleevents/e_declaration.html.
- ^ McCullough, David (September 3, 2002). John Adams (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0743223133.
- ^ "Pennsylvania's Gradual Abolition Act of 1780". Explore PA history. http://explorepahistory.com/odocument.php?docId=341.
- ^ Rettig, Polly M. (April 3, 1978). [[[:Template:NHLS url]] "John Quincy Adams Birthplace"]. National Park Service. Template:NHLS url.
- ^ "The Ratification of the U.S. Constitution in Massachusetts". Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/objects/cabinet/february2003/february2003.htm.
- ^ "On this day in 1820". Massmoments.org. http://www.massmoments.org/moment.cfm?mid=81.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 129.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 211.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 202.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 133–36.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 179.
- ^ Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 251.
- ^ a b c Goldfield et al. 1998, p. 254.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 185.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 183.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 187–93.
- ^ "Robert Gould Shaw and the 54th Regiment". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/boaf/historyculture/shaw.htm.
- ^ a b "State Compulsory School Attendance Laws". infoplease.com. http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0112617.html.
- ^ Brown and Tager, p. 246.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 276.
- ^ "Job Loss, Shrinking Revenues, and Grinding Decline in Springfield, Massachusetts: Is A Finance Control Board the Answer?". University of Massachusetts Lowell. http://www.uml.edu/com/cita/05paperforrantmuckensturm.pdf.
- ^ Peck, Merton J. & Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p.111
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 275–83.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 284.
- ^ a b c d Grunwald, Michael. Dig the Big Dig [2] The Washington Post. August 6, 2006. Retrieved May 31, 2010.
- ^ a b "The Central Artery/Tunnel Project—The Big Dig". Massachusetts Department of Transportation—Highway Division. http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/highway/TheBigDig.aspx.
- ^ "Biography: Edward Moore Kennedy". https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/kennedys-bio-edward-kennedy/.
- ^ "The Kennedys: A Family Tree". http://www.sptimes.com/News/111199/JFK/family-tree.shtml.
- ^ "BROOKE, Edward William, III". http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=b000871.
- ^ "George H.W. Bush Biography". biography.com. http://www.biography.com/people/george-hw-bush-38066.
- ^ Blair, Russell. "Recreational Marijuana Passes In Massachusetts". http://www.courant.com/politics/elections/hc-legal-marijuana-referendums-20161108-story.html.
- ^ "Massachusetts Marijuana Legalization, Question 4 (2016)". https://ballotpedia.org/Massachusetts_Marijuana_Legalization,_Question_4_(2016).
- ^ a b c d e f "Massachusetts". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/state/MA/.
- ^ "Mission". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/inside-our-agency/mission/.
- ^ Ricklefs, Robert (December 17, 2008). The Economy of Nature (6th ed.). W. H. Freeman. p. 96. ISBN 978-0716786979. https://books.google.com/books?id=nqFLjZLwKxIC&pg=PA96.
- ^ Stocker, Carol (November 17, 2005). "Old growth, grand specimens drive big-tree hunters". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/yourlife/home/articles/2005/11/17/old_growth_grand_specimens_drive_big_tree_hunters/.
- ^ "Current Research—Working Landscapes". The Center for Rural Massachusetts—The University of Massachusetts Amherst. http://www.umass.edu/ruralmass/currentresearch.html.
- ^ "Northeastern Coastal Zone—Ecoregion Description". United States Geological Survey. http://landcovertrends.usgs.gov/east/eco59Report.html.
- ^ "MESA List Overview". Department of Energy and Environmental Affairs. http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dfg/dfw/natural-heritage/species-information-and-conservation/mesa-list/.
- ^ "Peregrine Falcon". Commonwealth of Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife. http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dfg/nhesp/species-and-conservation/nhfacts/falco-peregrinus.pdf.
- ^ "Eastern Coyote". Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dfg/dfw/fish-wildlife-plants/mammals/eastern-coyote-in-massachusetts.html.
- ^ "Forests lure moose to Massachusetts". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0214/p13s02-sten.html.
- ^ "Atlantic Flyway". National Audubon Society. November 13, 2014. http://www.audubon.org/atlantic-flyway.
- ^ "Chasing loons: Banding the elusive birds at night on the Quabbin Reservoir". masslive.com. July 28, 2014. http://www.masslive.com/news/index.ssf/2014/07/chasing_loons_banding_the_elus.html.
- ^ "Coastal Waterbird Program". Mass Audubon. http://www.massaudubon.org/cwp/.
- ^ "It was a record-breaking year for shark research off Cape Cod". boston.com. https://www.boston.com/news/local-news/2019/11/18/review-2019-great-white-shark-season-cape-cod.
- ^ "Sharks have multiplied off Cape Cod beaches, devouring gray seals and putting swimmers on edge". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2019/08/20/sharks-cape-cod-beach-seals-ocean-new-england/1953956001/.
- ^ "Map: Where great white sharks roam off Cape Cod". capecodtimes.com. https://www.capecodtimes.com/great-white-sharks-map.
- ^ "Commonly Caught Species". The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. http://www.eregulations.com/massachusetts/fishing/saltwater/commonly-caught-species/.
- ^ Caffrey, D. J.; Worthley, L. H. (1927). Details—A progress report on the investigations of the European corn borer—Biodiversity Heritage Library. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.108390. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/108390.
- ^ "Massachusetts climate averages". Weatherbase. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=MA&statename=Massachusetts-United-States-of-America.
- ^ EPA. "What climate change means for Massachusetts". https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ma.pdf.
- ^ "Effects of Climate Change in Massachusetts". http://www.massaudubon.org/our-conservation-work/climate-change/effects-of-climate-change.
- ^ a b Dupigny-Giroux, L.A.; E.L. Mecray; M.D. Lemcke-Stampone; G.A. Hodgkins; E.E. Lentz; K.E. Mills; E.D. Lane; R. Miller et al. (2018). Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II (Report). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Global Change Research Program. pp. 669–742. doi:10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH18.
- ^ a b c d (PDF file) What Climate Change Means for Massachusetts (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. August 2016. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-ma.pdf. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- ^ Kathleen A. Theoharides, et all. “Determination of Statewide Emissions Limit for 2050.” April 6, 2020. PDF file.
- ^ Massachusetts Energy-Saving Rebates. www.masssave.com/rebates.
- ^ MassSave: A New Model for Statewide Energy Efficiency Programs.” 2012, PDF file.
- ^ Virtual Assessments. www.masssave.com/en/saving/energy-assessments/virtual-assessments.
- ^ “830 CMR 62.6.1: Residential Energy Credit.” Mass.gov, www.mass.gov/regulations/830-CMR-6261-residential-energy-credit.
- ^ Net Metering Guide. www.mass.gov/guides/net-metering-guide.
- ^ “Municipal Light Plant Solar Rebate Program.” Mass.gov, www.mass.gov/guides/municipal-light-plant-solar-rebate-program.
- ^ “Mass Solar Loan.” Mass CEC, www.masssolarloan.com/.
- ^ EV Is a Massachusetts Program That Issues Rebates to Electric Vehicle Drivers. mor-ev.org/.
- ^ “State and Federal Electric Vehicle Funding Programs.” Mass.gov, www.mass.gov/service-details/state-and-federal-electric-vehicle-funding-programs.
- ^ “Income Eligible Programs.” Mass Save, www.masssave.com/saving/income-based-offers/income-eligible-programs.
- ^ Martin, Naomi (December 30, 2020). "Mass. to require all new cars sold to be electric by 2035 as part of climate-change measures". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/12/30/science/mass-require-all-new-cars-sold-be-electric-by-2035-part-climate-change-measures/.
- ^ "MA2050DecarbonizationRoadmap_FINAL.pdf | Mass.gov". https://www.mass.gov/doc/ma-2050-decarbonization-roadmap.
- ^ "Population: 1790 to 1990". US: United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/table-16.pdf.
- ^ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html.
- ^ "Massachusetts Population Surpasses 7 Million In 2020 Census". https://boston.cbslocal.com/video/5525988-massachusetts-population-surpasses-7-million-in-2020-census/.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>
tag; no text was provided for refs named2020Census
- ^ a b c d e f "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015" (CSV). United States Census Bureau. December 23, 2015. https://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv.
- ^ "Centers of Population". United States Census Bureau. http://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/reference/cenpop2010/CenPop2010_Mean_ST.txt.
- ^ "State Centers of Population". howderfamily.com. February 5, 2012. http://www.howderfamily.com/blog/state-centers-population/. "I'llTemplate:Nbs... examine some individual state centers of population."
- ^ a b Miller, Joshua. "Mass. population growth is tops in N.E". https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/01/01/massachusetts-population-growth-rate-ahead-other-new-england-states-but-still-slow/r7PLcdbKnD9HZY3fm97XGP/story.html.
- ^ a b Mishra, Raja (December 22, 2006). "State's population growth on stagnant course". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/12/22/states_population_growth_on_stagnant_course/.
- ^ a b c Bayles, Fred (March 21, 2001). "Minorities account for state population growth". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/ma.htm.
- ^ Jane Walsh (November 25, 2015). "The most Irish town in America is named using US census data". IrishCentral. http://www.irishcentral.com/news/the-most-irish-town-in-america-is-named-133427563-237789381.html.
- ^ "Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census". United States Census Bureau. August 12, 2021. https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html.
- ^ "Massachusetts QuickFacts". US: United States Census Bureau. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/25000.html.
- ^ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". The Plain Dealer. http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html.
- ^ Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot". Advance Ohio. http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html.
- ^ "CDC data". www.cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_01-508.pdf.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 173.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 173–79.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 203.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 301.
- ^ "SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates—Chinese alone, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/14_1YR/S0201/0400000US25/popgroup~016.
- ^ "PEOPLE REPORTING ANCESTRY 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov.
- ^ "Massachusetts—Ethnic groups". City-Data.com. http://www.city-data.com/states/Massachusetts-Ethnic-groups.html.
- ^ For Bristol County see "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES—2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US25005.
- For Hampden County see "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States—2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US25013.
- For Worcester County see "DP02 SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES—2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/10_5YR/DP02/0500000US25027.
- ^ Schweitzer, Sarah (February 15, 2010). "Lowell hopes to put 'Little Cambodia' on the map". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/02/15/lowell_hopes_to_put_little_cambodia_on_the_map/.
- ^ "2011-2015 American Community Survey Selected Population Tables". https://www.census.gov.
- ^ "Indian Reservations in the Continental United States". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/nagpra/DOCUMENTS/ResMAP.HTM.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 180–82.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 257–58.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, pp. 300–4.
- ^ Irwin, Patricia; Nagy, Naomi. "Bostonians /r/ Speaking: A Quantitative Look at (R) in Boston". University of Pennsylvania. http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=pwpl.
- ^ a b "Massachusetts". Modern Language Association. http://www.mla.org/map_data.
- ^ Butterfield, Fox (May 14, 1989). "The Perfect New England Town". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/14/travel/the-perfect-new-england-village.html.
- ^ Michael Lipka and Benjamin Wormald (February 29, 2016). "How religious is your state?". Pew research center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/29/how-religious-is-your-state/?state=alabama.
- ^ "Headquarters of the Unitarian Universalist Association". Unitarian Universalist Association. http://www.uua.org/headquarters.
- ^ "The UUA to Sell its Beacon Hill Properties, Move to Innovation District". Unitarian Universalist Association. http://www.uua.org/news/press-release/uua-sell-its-beacon-hill-properties-move-innovation-district.
- ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". Association of Religion Data Archives. http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/25/rcms2010_25_state_family_2010.asp.
- ^ "Adults in Massachusetts". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. May 11, 2015. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/massachusetts/.
- ^ "2015-16 SAT Performance Statewide Report". http://profiles.doe.mass.edu/state_report/sat_perf.aspx.
- ^ "The 10 Best U.S. States for Education—2. New Jersey". U.S. News & World Report. February 27, 2018. https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/slideshows/10-best-states-for-education?int=undefined-rec&slide=10.
- ^ Dejnozka et al. 1982, p. 313.
- ^ Dejnozka et al. 1982, p. 311.
- ^ Goldfield et al. 1998, pp. 251–52.
- ^ "Mather Elementary School". Boston Public Schools. http://www.bostonpublicschools.org/school/mather-elementary-school.
- ^ Ramírez, Eddy (November 29, 2007). "The First Class State". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2007/11/29/the-first-class-state.html.
- ^ "#26 The Governors Academy, Byfield, Mass". http://www.businessinsider.com/most-expensive-private-schools-2011-4#26-the-governors-academy-byfield-mass-3.
- ^ Rimer, Sara; Finder, Alan (February 10, 2007). "Harvard Plans to Name First Female President". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/10/education/10harvard.html.
- ^ "Mount Holyoke Admissions Information". StudyPoint. http://www.studypoint.com/admissions/mount-holyoke/.
- ^ Dangremond, Sam (August 1, 2018). "These Are the Best Private High Schools in America, According to a New Ranking". https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/news/a8639/best-private-high-schools-in-america/.
- ^ Bidwell, Allie. "How States Are Spending Money in Education". https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/2015/01/29/how-states-are-spending-money-in-education.
- ^ "Are the nation's twelfth-graders making progress in mathematics and reading?". National Assessment of Educational Progress. http://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_g12_2013/#/.
- ^ "A Practical Guide to Living in the State—Education". MA, US: Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/ciswel/weltomas.htm#edu.
- ^ "World's Best Universities:Top 400". February 25, 2010. https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/worlds-best-universities/2010/02/25/worlds-best-universities-top-400.html.
- ^ "National Liberal Arts Colleges Rankings". http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-liberal-arts-colleges.
- ^ "The UMass System". University of Massachusetts Amherst. http://www.massachusetts.edu/system/about.html.
- ^ "UMass—Facts 2009–2010". University of Massachusetts Amherst. http://media.umassp.edu/massedu/ir/facts2009-10.pdf.
- ^ "Apps Test | U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)". Bea.gov. https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels.
- ^ "State Personal Income 2008". Bureau of Economic Analysis. https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2009/pdf/spi0309.pdf.
- ^ "Massachusetts law about minimum wage". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. December 31, 2020. https://www.mass.gov/info-details/massachusetts-law-about-minimum-wage.
- ^ "Session Law - Acts of 2018 Chapter 121". https://malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/Acts/2018/Chapter121.
- ^ "Map and List of Fortune 1000 Companies for 2018". November 13, 2018. https://www.geographyrealm.com/map-and-list-of-fortune-1000-companies-for-2018/.
- ^ "America's Top States For Business". CNBC. June 24, 2014. https://www.cnbc.com/id/101758236.
- ^ "Here are the Most Innovative States in America in 2016". Bloomberg.com. December 22, 2016. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-22/here-are-the-most-innovative-states-in-america-in-2016.
- ^ Frank, Robert (January 15, 2014). "Top states for millionaires per capita". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/id/101338309.
- ^ "Here's a new list of the richest people in Mass. - The Boston Globe". https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/06/10/here-new-list-richest-people-mass/OaNMT5TILihKuLoyLNBwbL/story.html.
- ^ United States Department of Commerce . International Trade Administration . Enforcement and Compliance. "List of Foreign-Trade Zones by State". https://enforcement.trade.gov/ftzpage/letters/ftzlist-map.html.
- ^ a b "Monthly Airport Traffic Summary—December 2015". https://www.massport.com/media/378708/1215-avstats-airport-traffic-summary.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2016.
- ^ "Venture Investment—Regional Aggregate Data". National Venture Capital Association. http://nvca.org/research/venture-investment/.
- ^ Corlyn Voorhees (June 11, 2016). "Where do Massachusetts tourists come from?". https://www.bostonglobe.com/magazine/2016/06/10/where-massachusetts-tourists-come-from/M7IXI2wbqxj0p0RFAxxhKO/story.html.
- ^ "Tourism Statistics". Statisticsbrain.com. http://www.statisticbrain.com/tourism-statistics/.
- ^ "1,000 places to visit in Massachusetts". http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2010/07/12/1000_places_to_visit/.
- ^ "State Profiles Data Sheet". National Association of Manufacturers. October 2017. http://www.nam.org/Data-and-Reports/State-Manufacturing-Data/State-Manufacturing-Data/April-2017/2017-State-Manufacturing-Data-Table/.
- ^ Massachusetts Manufacturing Facts (Report). National Association of Manufacturers. http://www.nam.org/Data-and-Reports/State-Manufacturing-Data/2014-State-Manufacturing-Data/Manufacturing-Facts--Massachusetts/. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
- ^ "MassMEDIC". Massachusetts Medical Device Industry Council. https://www.massmedic.com/.
- ^ "Number of Farms Numbers Continue Slight Rise in 2012". University of Massachusetts Amherst Center for Agriculture, Food, and the environment. https://ag.umass.edu/ma-agricultural-data/number-of-farms/numbers-continue-slight-rise-in-2012.
- ^ "Massachusetts Department of Agricultural Resources". Massachusetts Department of Agricultural. http://www.nasda.org/9383/States/MA.aspx.
- ^ "Massachusetts Cranberries". United States Department of Agriculture. January 26, 2007. http://www.nass.usda.gov/nh/jan07cran.pdf.
- ^ "Waltham nonprofit WATCH CDC recognized at Statehouse". Wicked Local Waltham. http://waltham.wickedlocal.com/news/20170620/waltham-nonprofit-watch-cdc-recognized-at-statehouse.
- ^ "2016's States with the Highest & Lowest Tax Rates". https://wallethub.com/edu/best-worst-states-to-be-a-taxpayer/2416/#complete-rankings..
- ^ "2016 State Business Tax Climate Index". http://taxfoundation.org/article/2016-state-business-tax-climate-index.
- ^ Tom Keane (March 28, 2014). "'Taxachusetts' is a misnomer, at least for now". https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/03/28/taxachussetts-misnomer-least-for-now/JwFnatLJTZ2eoGxDYzT82J/story.html.
- ^ "Taxes & Rates Income". Massachusetts Department of Revenue. https://www.mass.gov/guides/personal-income-tax-for-residents.
- ^ "Massachusetts Implements Reduction in Personal Income Tax Rates". The Tax Foundation. http://taxfoundation.org/blog/show/27852.html.
- ^ "Mass. tax rate takes slight dip - The Boston Globe". https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/12/31/income-tax-rate-fall-jan/0z4PxvHvtSxWOFja3EDZfO/story.html.
- ^ a b "Massachusetts". The Tax Foundation. http://taxfoundation.org/state-tax-climate/massachusetts.
- ^ a b "Tax Rates". Massachusetts Department of Revenue. http://www.mass.gov/dor/individuals/filing-and-payment-information/guide-to-personal-income-tax/tax-rates.html.
- ^ "CLT Update: Apr 15, 2005, "We didn't need or want a tax cut—but it's ours now!"". http://cltg.org/cltg/clt2005/05-04-15.htm#Globe1.
- ^ a b c "A Guide to Sales and Use Tax". MA, US: Massachusetts Department of Revenue. http://www.mass.gov/dor/individuals/taxpayer-help-and-resources/tax-guides/salesuse-tax-guide.html.
- ^ "Massachusetts Electricity deregulation". Good Energy. June 2, 2020. http://www.goodenergy.com/Energy-Procurement/massachusetts.
- ^ a b c d "State Profile and Energy Estimates". Energy Information Administration. http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=MA.
- ^ "State Scorecard Rank". American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://database.aceee.org/state-scorecard-rank.
- ^ "2015 State Scorecard Rank—Massachusetts". American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. http://aceee.org/sites/default/files/pdf/state-sheet/2015/massachusetts.pdf.
- ^ Wood, Elisa (May 26, 2015). "Boston Takes Top Spot Again in City Energy Efficiency Scorecard". Energy Efficiency Markets.com. http://energyefficiencymarkets.com/whos-surprised-boston-takes-top-spot-again-in-city-energy-efficiency-scorecard/.
- ^ "Massachusetts Regional Planning Agencies". American Planning Association. http://www.apa-ma.org/resources/massachusetts-regional-planning-agencies.
- ^ "MassDEP Emissions Inventories". Commonwealth of Massachusetts. https://www.mass.gov/lists/massdep-emissions-inventories#greenhouse-gas-baseline,-inventory-&-projection-.
- ^ "MBTA Website". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. http://www.mbta.com/index.asp.
- ^ "Subway Map". Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/subway/.
- ^ "Bus Schedules & Maps". Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/bus/.
- ^ "Boat Map and Schedules". Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/boats/.
- ^ "Your Transit Authorities". Massachusetts Association of Regional Transit Authorities. http://www.matransit.com/.
- ^ "Cape Cod Central Railroad". Cape Cod Central Railroad. http://www.capetrain.com/.
- ^ "2010 Scenic Train Schedule". Berkshire Scenic Railway Museum. http://berkshirescenicrailroad.org/schedules.php.
- ^ a b c "Northeast Train Routes". https://www.amtrak.com/northeast-train-routes.
- ^ "Acela Express". Amtrak. http://www.amtrak.com/servlet/ContentServer/AM_Route_C/1241245664867/1237405732511.
- ^ Nixon, Ron (August 15, 2012). "Air Travel's Hassles Drive Riders to Amtrak's Acela". https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/16/business/hassles-of-air-travel-push-passengers-to-amtrak.html.
- ^ "Commuter Rail Maps and Schedules". Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. http://www.mbta.com/schedules_and_maps/rail/.
- ^ "CapeFlyer". http://capeflyer.com/.
- ^ "T announces summer Cape Cod train service". WCVB-TV. http://www.wcvb.com/news/local/boston-south/T-announces-summer-Cape-Cod-train-service/-/9848842/19557134/-/f7pi02/-/index.html.
- ^ "Ferry Schedules and Maps". https://www.mbta.com/schedules/ferry.
- ^ "2020 Martha's Vineyard Ferry Schedules". https://www.vineyardferries.com/.
- ^ "2020 Nantucket Ferry Schedules". https://www.nantucketferries.com/.
- ^ "Background". The Woods Hole, Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Steamship Authority. http://www.steamshipauthority.com/ssa/about.cfm.
- ^ "Fall River Hi-Speed Schedule". https://www.blockislandferry.com/schedules-fares/fall-river-hi-speed-schedule.
- ^ "Fast Ferry to Provincetown". https://www.captjohn.com/fast-ferry-ptown/.
- ^ "New Bedford to Cuttyhunk Ferry Service". https://www.cuttyhunkferryco.com/.
- ^ "Massachusetts Passenger and Freight Rail". Massachusetts Department of Transportation. http://www.massdot.state.ma.us/planning/Main/MapsDataandReports/Maps/PassengerandFreightRail.aspx.
- ^ "Massachusetts State Rail Plan, May 2018". https://www.mass.gov/doc/final-state-rail-plan-spring-2018/download.
- ^ "Massachusetts State Fact Sheet: Rail Fast Facts For 2017". Association of American Railroads. https://www.aar.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/AAR-Massachusetts-State-Fact-Sheet.pdf.
- ^ "About Logan". Massachusetts Port Authority. https://www.massport.com/logan-airport/about-logan/.
- ^ a b "About Massport". Massachusetts Port Authority. https://www.massport.com/about-massport/about-massport/.
- ^ "Public Use Airports Locations | Mass.gov". https://www.mass.gov/public-use-airports/locations.
- ^ "Mass Aeronautics". http://www.massaeronautics.org/default.asp?pgid=AeroAbout&sid=level2.
- ^ "About FAA". Federal Aviation Administration. https://www.faa.gov/about/.
- ^ "2018 Massachusetts Road Inventory Year End Report". Massachusetts Department of Transportation. https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2019/03/27/2018-ri-ye-final.pdf.
- ^ "Interstate 90". AARoads. http://www.interstate-guide.com/i-090.html.
- ^ Brown and Tager, pp. 283–284.
- ^ Levy, Leonard (1995). Seasoned Judgments: The American Constitution, Rights, and History. p. 307. ISBN 9781412833820. https://books.google.com/books?id=-7lKq0dfs54C&pg=PA307.
- ^ Kemp, Roger (2010). Documents of American Democracy. p. 59. ISBN 9780786456741. https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&pg=PA59.
- ^ Murrin, John (2011). Liberty, Power, and Equality: A History. ISBN 978-0495915874. https://books.google.com/books?id=CADtJymgzk4C&pg=PT222.
- ^ Hickey, Walter. "The Most Liberal States In America". http://www.businessinsider.com/most-liberal-states-2013-2#2-massachusetts--305-percent-liberal-9.
- ^ Gianoulis, Tina (October 13, 2005). "Noble, Elaine". glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/noble_e.html.
- ^ Cave, Damien. "Gerry Studds Dies at 69; First Openly Gay Congressman". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/15/us/15studds.html.
- ^ Belluck, Pam (April 4, 2006). "Massachusetts Set to Offer Universal Health Insurance". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/04/us/04cnd-mass.html.
- ^ "Massachusetts Makes Health Insurance Mandatory". https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11689698.
- ^ Shoichet, Catherine E. (May 9, 2019). "Florida is about to ban sanctuary cities. At least 11 other states have, too". https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/09/politics/sanctuary-city-bans-states/index.html.
- ^ (15 Dec 2020) "Cost of Voting in the American States: 2020". Election Law Journal: Rules, Politics, and Policy 19 (4): 503–509. DOI:10.1089/elj.2020.0666.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Massachusetts Facts: Politics". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1b.htm.
- ^ a b "2014 General Election Results". http://www.boston.com/news/politics/extra/election-results.
- ^ Sacchetti, Maria (January 12, 2015). "Swampscott celebrates neighbor turned governor". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2015/01/11/swampscott-greets-new-mass-governor-old-neighbor-charlie-baker/EausDP2rRRcKq7a77fAR8M/story.html.
- ^ "Number of Legislators and Length of Terms in Years". National Conference of State Legislatures. http://www.ncsl.org/research/about-state-legislatures/number-of-legislators-and-length-of-terms.aspx.
- ^ "Members of the 111th Congress". United States Senate. https://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm.
- ^ "Directory of Representatives". United States House of Representatives. http://www.house.gov/representatives/#state_ma.
- ^ "Geographic Boundaries of United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts" (PDF). US: United States Courts. http://www.uscourts.gov/file/document/us-federal-courts-circuit-map.
- ^ "Distribution of 2004 and 2008 Electoral Votes". Electoral College. US: National Archives and Records Administration. http://archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2008/allocation.html.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Electoral College. US: National Archives and Records Administration. https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html.
- ^ Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS.
- ^ Brown & Tager 2000, p. 310.
- ^ Page, Susan; Lawrence, Jill (July 11, 2004). "Does 'Massachusetts liberal' label still matter?". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-07-25-mass-liberal_x.htm.
- ^ "1980 Presidential General Election Results—Massachusetts". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?f=0&fips=25&year=1980.
- ^ "1984 Presidential General Election Results—Massachusetts". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?f=0&fips=25&year=1984.
- ^ "Registration Statistics". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. https://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/eleregistrationstats/registrationstats.htm.
- ^ "Members of the House of Representatives". Massachusetts House of Representatives. https://malegislature.gov/People/House.
- ^ "Members of the Senate". Massachusetts Senate. https://malegislature.gov/People/Senate.
- ^ Leip, David. "General Election Results—Massachusetts". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/.
- ^ Gordon, Meryl (January 14, 2002). "Weld at Heart". New York. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/national/features/5574/.
- ^ Vennochi, Joan (June 17, 2007). "Romney's liberal shadow". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/06/17/romneys_liberal_shadow/.
- ^ "Mass. GOP Voters Like Trump More Than Their Republican Governors". https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/03/02/charlie-baker-trump-republicans-poll.
- ^ "Same-sex couples ready to make history in Massachusetts". CNN. May 17, 2004. http://www.cnn.com/2004/LAW/05/17/mass.gay.marriage/.
- ^ "Massachusetts Makes Health Insurance Mandatory". NPR. July 3, 2007. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11689698.
- ^ "2008 Return of Votes Complete". United States House of Representatives elections in Massachusetts, 2008. December 17, 2008. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/elepdf/2008%20Return%20of%20Votes%20Complete.pdf.
- ^ "Massachusetts voters approve ballot measure to legalize medical marijuana". http://archive.boston.com/metrodesk/2012/11/06/massachusetts-voters-approve-ballot-measure-legalize-medical-marijuana/EpDzgJGfBjnOAkoXpJwm1K/story.html.
- ^ "Massachusetts issues first marijuana license". CommonWealth. June 21, 2018. https://commonwealthmagazine.org/marijuana/massachusetts-issues-first-marijuana-license/.
- ^ "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/views-about-abortion/by/state/.
- ^ Romo, Vanessa (December 29, 2020). "Massachusetts Senate Overrides Veto, Passes Law Expanding Abortion Access". https://www.npr.org/2020/12/29/951259506/massachusetts-senate-overrides-veto-passes-law-expanding-abortion-access.
- ^ a b "Information and Historical Data on Cities, Towns, and Counties in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cisctlist/ctlistidx.htm.
- ^ See Administrative divisions of Massachusetts#The city/town distinction.
- ^ "Quick Facts: Boston, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. July 1, 2019. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bostoncitymassachusetts/PST045219.
- ^ Thomas, G. Scott. "Boston's population stays flat, but still ranks as 11th-largest in U.S. (BBJ DataCenter)". http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/bbj_research_alert/2012/11/bostons-population-stays-flat-but.html?page=all.
- ^ a b Sokolow 1997, pp. 293–6.
- ^ "Massachusetts Facts Part One: Concise Facts". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf1b.htm.
- ^ "Massachusetts Population by County". indexmundi.com. http://www.indexmundi.com/facts/united-states/quick-facts/massachusetts/population#map.
- ^ "Middlesex County, Massachusetts". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov.
- ^ "Massachusetts Government: County Government". League of Women Voters. December 9, 2012. http://lwvma.org/your-government/counties/.
- ^ "Largest Cities by population". 2019 U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2019. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/usa/cities/massachusetts/.
- ^ "UConn Poll: New Englanders & Regional Identity". http://news.uconn.edu/2004/May/rel04062.htm.
- ^ "History Museums". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. http://www.massvacation.com/explore/history/history-museums/.
- ^ "Walden Pond State Reservation". Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/region-north/walden-pond-state-reservation.html.
- ^ "Henry Wadsworth Longfellow". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/long/historyculture/henry-wadsworth-longfellow.htm.
- ^ "Details—Sunday—Massachusetts". Academy of American Poets. http://www.poets.org/state.php/varState/MA.
- ^ a b "Miscellaneous Massachusetts Facts". Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth. http://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cismaf/mf4.htm.
- ^ "Norman Rockewell Museum of Vermont". Norman Rockwell Museum of Vermont. http://www.normanrockwellvt.com/.
- ^ a b "Music". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. http://www.massvacation.com/arts/music.php.
- ^ "Mission | History". https://www.nbsymphony.org/mission-history.
- ^ "About the Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra". Cape Cod Symphony Orchestra. http://www.capesymphony.org/cape-symphony-orchestra-the-ccso.asp.
- ^ "Our History". Springfield Symphony Orchestra. http://www.springfieldsymphony.org/about/history.shtml.
- ^ "Arts". MA, US: Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. http://www.massvacation.com/westernMass/arts.php.
- ^ Leddy, Charles 'Chuck' (January 10, 2008). "Rocking history lesson shows city was in a class by itself". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2008/01/10/rocking_history_lesson_shows_city_was_in_a_class_by_itself/.
- ^ "Staind | Biography & History". https://www.allmusic.com/artist/staind-mn0000178799/biography.
- ^ "Godsmack | Biography & History". https://www.allmusic.com/artist/godsmack-mn0000665860/biography.
- ^ "Film Festivals". MA, US: Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. http://www.massvacation.com/arts/filmfestivals.php.
- ^ "Museums". City of Boston. http://www.cityofboston.gov/visitors/museums.asp.
- ^ "Art Museums". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. http://www.massvacation.com/arts/art-museums.php.
- ^ "Places To Go". National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/bost/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm.
- ^ "Black Heritage Trail". Museum of African American History. http://www.afroammuseum.org/trail.htm.
- ^ "About Plimoth Plantation". Plimoth Plantation. http://www.plimoth.org/about/.
- ^ "Old Sturbridge Village". Old Sturbridge Village. https://www.osv.org/.
- ^ Siddiqui, Faiz; Ellement, John R.; Finucane, Martin (July 2, 2014). "Boston plans to hold Fourth of July celebrations Thursday". The Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/07/02/organizers-meet-today-decide-whether-hold-rehearsal-concert-esplanade/hAEMRvOxUOfuSGYQPNkqYO/story.html.
- ^ Kush, Bronislaus B. "Summer Nationals Weekend Revs Up". http://www.telegram.com/article/20100703/NEWS/7030347/1003/NEWS03.
- ^ "A Spectator's Guide To The 2015 Boston Marathon". WBUR-FM. http://www.wbur.org/2015/04/18/spectators-guide-boston-marathon.
- ^ "Southern New England". Appalachian Mountain Club. http://www.outdoors.org/conservation/wherewework/southernnewengland/index.cfm.
- ^ "Fishing & charters". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. http://www.massvacation.com/outdoor/fishing.php.
- ^ "Whale watching". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. http://www.massvacation.com/outdoor/whale-watching.php.
- ^ "Skiing/snowboarding". Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism. http://www.massvacation.com/outdoor/skiing-snowboarding.php.
- ^ "Hunting". Massachusetts Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/recreational-activities/hunting.html.
- ^ "10 Top Catholic Shrines in the U.S.". February 15, 2012. https://religioustravelplanningguide.com/10-top-catholic-shrines-in-the-u-s/.
- ^ "Nielson Media Research Local Universe Estimates (US)". 2005. http://www.nielsenmedia.com/DMAs.html.
- ^ "Springfield—Holyoke TV Channels". Station Index. http://www.stationindex.com/tv/markets/springfield-holyoke.
- ^ "WGBH—About Us". WGBH-TV. http://www.wgbh.org/about/index.cfm.
- ^ "American Experience". WGBH-TV. http://www.wgbh.org/programs/programDetail.cfm?programid=97.
- ^ "US Newspaper—Search Results (Massachusetts)". Audit Bureau of Circulations. http://abcas3.accessabc.com/ecirc/newsform.asp.
- ^ "FM Query Results (Massachusetts)". Federal Communications Commission. http://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?state=MA&call=&city=&arn=&serv=&vac=&freq=0.0&fre2=107.9&facid=&class=&dkt=&list=1&dist=&dlat2=&mlat2=&slat2=&NS=N&dlon2=&mlon2=&slon2=&EW=W&size=9.
- ^ "General". WZBC. http://www.wzbc.org/about.html.
- ^ "About". http://www.thecrimson.com/about/.
- ^ "About the BU Literary Society and Clarion". Boston University. http://www.bu.edu/clarion/about.htm.
- ^ County Health Rankings and Roadmaps. University of Wisconsin.
- ^ "2015 Annual Report". America's Health Rankings. https://www.americashealthrankings.org/learn/reports/2015-annual-report.
- ^ "Doctors per 100,000 Resident Population, 2007". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2010/ranks/rank18.html.
- ^ "Infant Mortality Rate, 2006". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2010/ranks/rank17.html.
- ^ "Persons With and Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2007". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2010/tables/10s0150.pdf.
- ^ "Here's how your life expectancy varies based on which state you're born in". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/us-states-with-the-highest-and-lowest-life-expectancy-2017-5.
- ^ a b "Overweight and Obesity (BMI)—2007". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/BRFSS/list.asp?cat=OB&yr=2007&qkey=4409&state=MA.
- ^ "Booziest states in America: Who binge drinks most?". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/booziest-states-in-america-who-binge-drinks-most/7/.
- ^ (July 30, 1904) "The United States Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service". Journal of the American Medical Association 43 (5). DOI:10.1001/jama.1904.92500050002.
- ^ "U.S. Marine Hospital". Chelsea Historical Society. http://www.olgp.net/chs/hospital/marine.htm.
- ^ "Massachusetts Hospitals: Directory". Massachusetts Hospital Association. https://www.mhalink.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Hospital_Directory.
- ^ "U.S. News Best Hospitals 2014–15". http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/rankings.
- ^ "Hospital Overview". Massachusetts General Hospital. http://www.massgeneral.org/about/overview.aspx.
- ^ "Facts and Figures: 2009–2010". Harvard Medical School. http://hms.harvard.edu/hms/facts.asp.
- ^ "About Us". Boston University School of Medicine. http://www.bumc.bu.edu/busm/BUSM-About.html.
- ^ "An Introduction to UMass Medical School". University of Massachusetts Medical School. http://www.umassmed.edu/about/index.aspx.
- ^ "Campuses". MCPHS University. https://www.mcphs.edu/Campuses.
- ^ "Celtics History—Championship Wins". National Basketball Association. http://www.nba.com/celtics/history/ChampionshipWins.html.
- ^ "MLB World Series Winners". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/mlb/worldseries/history/winners.
- ^ "Stanley Cup Winners". Hockey Hall of Fame. http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SilverwareTrophyWinners.jsp?tro=STC.
- ^ "Super Bowl History". National Football League. http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history.
- ^ Butler, Dylan (December 6, 2020). "New England Revolution ownership committed to Boston-area home: "We want to build the stadium"" (in en). https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/new-england-revolution-ownership-committed-boston-area-home-we-want-build-stadiu.
- ^ "AHL Staff Directory". American Hockey League. http://theahl.com/staff-directory-p137544.
- ^ "College Football Teams (FBS and FCS)". ESPN. http://espn.go.com/college-football/teams.
- ^ "College Basketball Teams—Division I Teams". ESPN. http://sports.espn.go.com/ncb/teams.
- ^ "Cornell Rowing Excels at Eastern Sprints". Cornell University. http://cornellbigred.com/news/2010/5/16/MROW_0516105419.aspx.
- ^ "2009 U.S. Open—Past Champions". United States Golf Association. http://usga.usopen.com/2009/history/past-champions.html.
- ^ "Deutsche Bank Championship". Professional Golfers' Association of America. http://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/r505/.
- ^ Hass, Trevor (June 4, 2021). "Cannons Lacrosse Club fall to Redwoods in Premier League Lacrosse debut at Gillette Stadium - The Boston Globe" (in en-US). https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/06/04/sports/cannons-cross-lacross-club-fall-redwoods-debut/.
- ^ "25 Olympians from Massachusetts". GoLocalWorcester. http://www.golocalworcester.com/sports/top-25-olympic-athletes-from-massachusetts.
- ^ "Ranking the Top 50 Athletes from Massachusetts". May 30, 2017. https://www.masslive.com/sports/2017/05/ranking_the_top_50_athletes_fr.html.
Bibliography[]
- Brebner, John Bartlet (1927). New England's Outpost: Acadia Before the Conquest of Canada. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-7812-6367-2.
- Brettell, Caroline (2003). Anthropology and Migration:Essays on Transnational Ethnicity and Identity. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. ISBN 978-0-7591-0320-7.
- Brown, Richard D; Tager, Jack (2000). Massachusetts: A Concise History. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-248-6. https://archive.org/details/massachusettscon00brow.
- Dejnozka, Edward L; Gifford, Charles S; Kapel, David E; Kapel, Marilyn B (1982). American Educators' Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-20954-3. https://archive.org/details/americaneducator0000dejn.
- Goldfield, David; Abbott, Carl; Anderson, Virginia DeJohn; Argersinger, Jo Ann E; Argersinger, Peter H; Barney, William L; Weir, Robert M (1998). The American Journey—A History of the United States. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-656562-8. https://archive.org/details/americanjourneyt00davi.
- Koplow, David A (2004). Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24220-3.
- Sokolow, Alvin D (1997). "Town and Township Government: Serving Rural and Suburban Communities". Handbook of Local Government Administration. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 978-0-8247-9782-9.
Further reading[]
Overviews and surveys[]
- Hall, Donald. ed. The Encyclopedia of New England (2005)
- Works Progress Administration. Guide to Massachusetts (1939)
Secondary sources[]
- Abrams, Richard M. Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics, 1900–1912 (1964)
- Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923)
- Adams, James Truslow. New England in the Republic, 1776–1850 (1926)
- Andrews, Charles M. The Fathers of New England: A Chronicle of the Puritan Commonwealths (1919), short survey
- Conforti, Joseph A. Imagining New England: Explorations of Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid-Twentieth Century (2001)
- Cumbler, John T. Reasonable Use: The People, the Environment, and the State, New England, 1790–1930 (1930), environmental history
- Fischer, David Hackett. Paul Revere's Ride (1994), 1775 in depth
- Flagg, Charles Allcott, A Guide to Massachusetts local history, Salem : Salem Press Company, 1907.
- Green, James R., William F. Hartford, and Tom Juravich. Commonwealth of Toil: Chapters in the History of Massachusetts Workers and Their Unions (1996)
- Huthmacher, J. Joseph. Massachusetts People and Politics, 1919–1933 (1958)
- Labaree, Benjamin Woods. Colonial Massachusetts: A History (1979)
- Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Maritime History of Massachusetts, 1783–1860 (1921)
- Peirce, Neal R. The New England States: People, Politics, and Power in the Six New England States (1976), 1960–75 era
- Porter, Susan L. Women of the Commonwealth: Work, Family, and Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Massachusetts (1996)
- Sletcher, Michael. New England (2004).
- Starkey, Marion L. The Devil in Massachusetts (1949), Salem witches
- Tager, Jack, and John W. Ifkovic, eds. Massachusetts in the Gilded Age: Selected Essays (1985), ethnic groups
- Zimmerman, Joseph F. The New England Town Meeting: Democracy in Action (1999)
External links[]
Find more about Massachusetts on Wikipedia's sister projects: |
Definitions from Wiktionary | |
Textbooks from Wikibooks | |
Quotations from Wikiquote | |
Source texts from Wikisource | |
Images and media from Commons | |
News stories from Wikinews | |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
- Official website
- Massachusetts Office of Travel and Tourism
- Massachusetts State Guide from the Library of Congress
- Massachusetts at Curlie
Preceded by Connecticut |
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union Ratified Constitution on February 6, 1788 (6th) |
Succeeded by Maryland |
Vermont | New Hampshire | New Hampshire Maine (15 miles (24 km) away) |
||
New York | Atlantic Ocean | |||
Massachusetts: Outline • Index | ||||
New Jersey | Connecticut and Rhode Island | Cape Cod Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island |
|
Template:Government of Massachusetts Template:Massachusetts cities and mayors of 100,000 population Template:Protected areas of Massachusetts
|
Template:Northeast US Template:Thirteen Colonies
|
|
This page uses content from the English language Wikipedia. The original content was at Massachusetts. The list of authors can be seen in the page history. As with this Familypedia wiki, the content of Wikipedia is available under the Creative Commons License. |