Familypedia
Register
Advertisement
Main Births etc
{{{Fullname}}}
[[File:{{{Flag}}}|125px|border|Flag of {{{Name}}}]] [[File:{{{Seal}}}|85px|State seal of {{{Name}}}]]
[[Flag of {{{Name}}}|Flag]] [[Seal of {{{Name}}}|Seal]]
Nickname(s): {{{Nickname}}}
[[File:{{{Map}}}|center|Map of the United States with {{{Name}}} highlighted|270px]]
Official language(s) De jure: None
De facto: English
Spoken language(s) English 93.3%
Spanish 2.2%
Other 4.5%[1]
Capital
(and largest city)
Largest metro area Greater Cleveland (Combined and urban)
Greater Cincinnati (metro)
Greater Columbus (metro)
(see footnotes)[2]
Area  Ranked {{{AreaRank}}} in the U.S.
 - Total {{{TotalAreaUS}}} sq mi
({{{TotalArea}}} km2)
 - Width {{{WidthUS}}} miles ({{{Width}}} km)
 - Length {{{LengthUS}}} miles ({{{Length}}} km)
 - % water {{{PCWater}}}
 - Latitude 38°24′ N to 41°59′ N
 - Longitude 80°31′ W to 84°49′ W
Population  Ranked {{{PopRank}}} in the U.S.
 - Total 11,799,448 [3]
 - Density 282/sq mi  (109/km2)
Ranked {{{DensityRank}}} in the U.S.
 - Median household income  $54,021[4] (36th)
Elevation  
 - Highest point {{{HighestPoint}}}
{{{HighestElevUS}}} ft ({{{HighestElev}}} m)
 - Mean {{{MeanElevUS}}} ft  ({{{MeanElev}}} m)
 - Lowest point {{{LowestElevUS}}} ft ({{{LowestElev}}} m)
Admission to Union  March 1, 1803[5] (17th,
declared retroactively on
August 7, 1953[6])
[[Governor of {{{Name}}}|Governor]] Mike DeWine (R)
[[Lieutenant Governor of {{{Name}}}|Lieutenant Governor]] Jon Husted (R)
Legislature General Assembly
 - Upper house Senate
 - Lower house House of Representatives
[[List of United States Senators from {{{Name}}}|U.S. Senators]] Sherrod Brown (D)
Rob Portman (R)
U.S. House delegation 11 Republicans
3 Democrats
2 Vacancies ([[United States congressional delegations from {{{Name}}}|list]])
Time zone {{{TimeZone}}}
Abbreviations O., Oh.

Ohio ( /ˈh/) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus, with the Columbus metro area, Greater Cincinnati, and Greater Cleveland being the largest metropolitan areas. Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the west, and Michigan to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".[7] Its state flag is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.

The state takes its name from the Ohio River, whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".[8][9][10] Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting Northwest Territory, which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the Northwest Ordinance.[5][11] Ohio was the first post-colonial free state admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has transitioned to a more information- and service-based economy in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,[12] with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.[13]

The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the governor; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, led by the state Supreme Court. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives.[14] The state is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.[15] Seven presidents of the United States have come from Ohio. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".[16]

Geography[]

Geographic regions ohio
Ohio State Symbols
Flag of Ohio
The Flag of Ohio.

Seal of Ohio (Official)
The Seal of Ohio.

Animate insignia
Amphibian Spotted salamander
Bird(s) Cardinal (1933)[17]
Flower(s) Red carnation (1904)[17]
Insect Ladybug (1975)[17]
Mammal(s) White-tailed deer (1987)[17]
Reptile Black racer snake (1995)[17]
Tree Buckeye (1953)[17]

Inanimate insignia
Beverage Tomato juice (1965)[17]
Fossil Isotelus maximus, a trilobite (1985)[17]
Gemstone Ohio flint (1965)[17]
Slogan(s) So Much to Discover
Other Wild flower: Great white trillium (1986)[17]
Fruit: Pawpaw

Route marker(s)
Ohio Route Marker

State Quarter
Quarter of Ohio
Released in 2002

Lists of United States state insignia

Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.[18] To the north, Ohio has 312 miles (502 km) of coastline with Lake Erie,[19] which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River. Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Lake Erie to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows:

Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the Great Miami River, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of Lake Michigan, running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.

Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which at the time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.[20] Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.

The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

Much of Ohio features glaciated till plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests.

The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".[21] This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.[22] While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.)[23]

Map of Ohio NA

Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.

The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton. As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.[24]

Grand Lake St. Marys in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over 20 square miles (52 km2), was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.[25] Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Climate[]

Ohio Köppen

Köppen climate types in Ohio now showing majority as humid subtropical

The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa/Dfb) throughout most of the state, except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's Bluegrass region section, which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the Tornado Alley. Severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie, which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt.

Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, Quercus marilandica, are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle, and even the occasional Needle Palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor Mike DeWine declared a state of emergency in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.[26]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Ohio[27]
Location Region July (°F) July (°C) January (°F) January (°C)
Athens Appalachian 85/61 29/16 40/21 4/−6
Canton Northeast 82/62 28/16 33/19 1/−7
Cincinnati Southwest 86/66 30/19 39/23 3/−5
Cleveland Northeast 82/64 28/18 34/21 1/−5
Columbus Central 85/65 29/18 36/22 2/−5
Dayton Miami Valley 87/67 31/19 36/22 2/−5
Toledo Northwest 84/62 29/17 32/18 0/−7

Records[]

The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C), near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934.[28] The lowest recorded temperature was −39 °F (−39.4 °C), at Milligan on February 10, 1899,[29] during the Great Blizzard of 1899.[30]

Earthquakes[]

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.[31] The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone are located in the state, and numerous faults lie under the surface.[31][32]

The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the Anna (Shelby County) earthquake,[33] which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of intensity VIII.[34]

Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:[35] one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima on September 19, 1884;[36] one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth on May 17, 1901;[37] and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township in Lake County on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.[38][39]

Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) northwest of Youngstown,[40] and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) north-northwest of Eastlake under Lake Erie;[41] both registered a 4.0 magnitude.

Major cities[]

Ohio's three largest cities are Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati, all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for The Ohio State University. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: Alliance Data, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, American Electric Power, L Brands, Huntington Bancshares, and Cardinal Health in suburban Dublin.[43][44] Other major employers include hospitals (among others, Wexner Medical Center and Nationwide Children's Hospital), hi-tech research and development including the Battelle Memorial Institute, information/library companies such as OCLC and Chemical Abstracts Service, steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer Worthington Industries, financial institutions such as JPMorgan Chase and Huntington Bancshares, as well as Owens Corning. Fast food chains Wendy's and White Castle are also headquartered in Columbus.

Located in Northeast Ohio along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its New England heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the largest CSA in the state, of which the cities of Akron, Canton, Mansfield, and Youngstown are constituent parts. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies Goodyear Tire and Rubber and Timken, top-ranked colleges Case Western Reserve University, Oberlin College, and Kent State University, the Cleveland Clinic, and cultural attractions including the Cleveland Museum of Art, Big Five group Cleveland Orchestra, Playhouse Square, the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Cincinnati anchors Southwest Ohio and Metro Cincinnati, which also encompasses counties in the neighboring states of Kentucky and Indiana. The metropolitan area is home to Miami University and the University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Union Terminal, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, and various Fortune 500 companies including Procter & Gamble, Kroger, Macy's, Inc., and Fifth Third Bank. Steubenville is the only metropolitan city in Appalachian Ohio, which is home to Hocking Hills State Park.

Toledo and Lima are the major cities in Northwest Ohio, an area known for its glass-making industry. It is home to Owens Corning and Owens-Illinois, two Fortune 500 corporations. Dayton and Springfield are located in the Miami Valley, which is home to the University of Dayton, the Dayton Ballet, and the extensive Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.

Metropolitan areas[]

Largest metropolitan statistical areas in Ohio
Ohio Rank U.S. Rank Metropolitan statistical area[45] 2020 Census[46] 2010 Census[46] Change Counties[45]
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.&&&&&01 &&&&&&&&&&&&&030.&&&&&030 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area !H9970592049820 −5.28% Brown, Butler, Clermont, Clinton, Hamilton, Warren
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.&&&&&02 &&&&&&&&&&&&&032.&&&&&032 Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !H9977997984760 −11.08% Delaware, Fairfield, Franklin, Hocking, Licking, Madison, Morrow, Perry, Pickaway, Union
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03 &&&&&&&&&&&&&034.&&&&&034 Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !H9947548126206 −0.53% Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Lorain, Medina
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04 &&&&&&&&&&&&&073.&&&&&073 Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !H9959937546094 −1.82% Greene, Miami, Montgomery, Preble
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05 &&&&&&&&&&&&&083.&&&&&083 Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !D0065734281406 +0.14% Portage, Summit
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06 &&&&&&&&&&&&&094.&&&&&094 Toledo, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !D0048979233166 +0.75% Fulton, Lucas, Wood
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&07.&&&&&07 &&&&&&&&&&&&0106.&&&&&0106 Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area !D0030939714879 +4.53% Mahoning, Trumbull
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&08.&&&&&08 &&&&&&&&&&&&0137.&&&&&0137 Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !D0049487748316 +0.71% Stark, Carroll
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&09.&&&&&09 &&&&&&&&&&&&0302.&&&&&0302 Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !D0040659359701 +1.71% Clark
&&&&&&&&&&&&&010.&&&&&010 &&&&&&&&&&&&0322.&&&&&0322 Mansfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !H9943978411578 −0.37% Richland
&&&&&&&&&&&&&011.&&&&&011 &&&&&&&&&&&&0334.&&&&&0334 Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !D0027396645262 +6.46% Jefferson
&&&&&&&&&&&&&012.&&&&&012 &&&&&&&&&&&&0355.&&&&&0355 Lima, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area !D0032099243646 +4.04% Allen

The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.

Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in Ohio, but are primarily in other states include:

Largest combined statistical areas in Ohio
Ohio Rank U.S. Rank Combined statistical areas 2020 Census[46] 2010 Census[46] Change Subdivisions
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&01.&&&&&01 &&&&&&&&&&&&&018.&&&&&018 Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area !H9959440398749 −1.73% Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area
Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area
Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area
Ashtabula, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
New Philadelphia-Dover, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Sandusky, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Norwalk, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&02.&&&&&02 &&&&&&&&&&&&&026.&&&&&026 Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH Combined Statistical Area !H9976097607422 −9.16% Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area
Zanesville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Chillicothe, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Marion, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Mount Vernon, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Bellefontaine, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Cambridge, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Washington Court House, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&03.&&&&&03 &&&&&&&&&&&&&030.&&&&&030 Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH-KY-IN Combined Statistical Area !H9970314689073 −5.14% Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area
Wilmington, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Maysville, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&04.&&&&&04 &&&&&&&&&&&&&056.&&&&&056 Dayton-Springfield-Kettering, OH Combined Statistical Area !H9932756356715 −0.12% Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area
Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area
Greenville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Sidney, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Urbana, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&05.&&&&&05 &&&&&&&&&&&&&067.&&&&&067 Toledo-Findlay-Tiffin, OH Combined Statistical Area !D0041076150830 +1.64% Toledo, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area
Findlay, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Fremont, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
Tiffin, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&06.&&&&&06 &&&&&&&&&&&&&074.&&&&&074 Youngstown-Warren, OH-PA Combined Statistical Area !D0027343162885 +6.49% Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area
Salem, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area

Additionally, 30 Ohio cities function as centers of micropolitan areas, urban clusters smaller than that of metropolitan areas. Many of these are included as part of larger combined statistical areas, as shown in the table above.

History[]

Indigenous settlement[]

Sunwatch Aerial illustration HRoe 2018 400px

Artists conception of the Fort Ancient SunWatch Indian Village in Dayton

Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC.[47] These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC.[47] Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including, sunflowers, and "grew squash and possibly corn"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.[48] The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound, located in Adams County, Ohio.[48]

5NationsExpansion

Iroquois conquests during the Beaver Wars (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-Ohio River valley

Around 100 BC, the Adena evolved into the Hopewell people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta, Newark, and Circleville.[49] They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.[50] The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600 AD. The Mississippian Culture rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.[51]

There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the Fort Ancient people, the Whittlesey Focus people[51] and the Monongahela Culture.[52] All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.[51] It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.

Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation, based in central and western New York.[53] After the Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease, war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade.[54]

Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,[55] the Algonquian[56] & the Siouan.[57][58][59] Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Yellow Creek Massacre, Gnadenhutten and Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre.[60] After the War of 1812 when Natives suffered serious losses such as at Tippecanoe, most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.[61]

Colonial and Revolutionary eras[]

During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, France and Great Britain fought the French and Indian War. As a result of the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the Old Northwest to Great Britain. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.[62][63]

Northwest Territory[]

Ohio Country en

The Ohio Country indicating battle sites between American settlers and indigenous tribes, 1775–1794

The United States created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787.[64] Slavery was not permitted in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of Marietta by the Ohio Company of Associates, which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the Miami Company (also referred to as the "Symmes Purchase") claimed the southwestern section, and the Connecticut Land Company surveyed and settled the Connecticut Western Reserve in present-day Northeast Ohio. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the Seven Ranges at about the same time.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".

The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the Western Confederacy, was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.

Under the Northwest Ordinance, areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that it was growing rapidly and had already begun the path to statehood. In regards to the Leni Lenape natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the Muskingum River in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the Moravian Brethren ... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".[65]

Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"[]

PUTNAM exb

Rufus Putnam by James Sharples, Jr., 1797

Rufus Putnam served in important military capacities in both the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War. He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.[66]

In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the Continental Army to drive the British from Boston. George Washington was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer. After the war, Putnam and Manasseh Cutler were instrumental in creating the Northwest Ordinance, which opened up the Northwest Territory for settlement. This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans. It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square. Putnam organized and led the Ohio Company of Associates, who settled at Marietta, Ohio, where they built a large fort called Campus Martius.[67][68][69]

Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory. Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools. Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of Leicester Academy in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now Marietta College) in Ohio. In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River. In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands. In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court. In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.[70][71][72]

Statehood and early years[]

Template:Dispute about

On February 19, 1803, U.S. president Thomas Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.[73] However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until Louisiana's admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the Ohio General Assembly first convened.[74] At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.[74][75][76]

Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, Zanesville, and Columbus. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.

Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. In 1830 under President Andrew Jackson, the US government forced Indian Removal of most tribes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

In 1835, Ohio fought with Michigan in the Toledo War, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula, in addition to the eastern third which was already considered part of the state.

William McKinley by Courtney Art Studio, 1896

25th U.S. president William McKinley was from Ohio, one of six to be elected from the state.

Civil War and industrialization[]

Morganmap

The route of Morgan's Raid

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the Civil War. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the Battle of Shiloh, a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.[77] Later that year, when Confederate troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor David Tod still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.[78] From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in Morgan's Raid, starting in Harrison in the west and culminating in the Battle of Salineville near West Point in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and Indiana as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.[79] Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.[80] By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Philip Sheridan – were all from Ohio.[81][82]

Throughout much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants opened near Youngstown in 1804 called Hopewell Furnace. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in the state, most in the southern portions of the state.[83] Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of the steel industry in the state, and by 1853 Cleveland was the third largest iron and steel producer in the country. The first Bessemer converter was purchased by the Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, which eventually became part of the U.S. Steel Corporation following the merger of Federal Steel Company and Carnegie Steel, the first billion-dollar American corporation.[83] The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio ranked as the 2nd-largest steel-producing state behind Pennsylvania.[83] Republic Steel was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. Armco, now AK Steel, was founded in Middletown also in 1899.

Standard Oil

The first Standard Oil refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman John D. Rockefeller.

20th century[]

During the 1930s, the Great Depression struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the Third Reich with apprehension. Cleveland residents Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster created the Superman comic character in the spirit of the Jewish golem. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the Nazis.[84][85]

Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities which were larger centers for their work. They included Zane Grey, Milton Caniff, George Bellows, Art Tatum, Roy Lichtenstein, and Roy Rogers. Alan Freed, who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include Steven Spielberg, Chris Columbus and the original Warner Brothers, who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before that company later relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including Dean Martin, Doris Day, The O'Jays, Marilyn Manson, Dave Grohl, Devo, Macy Gray and The Isley Brothers.

A scene in a steel mill, Republic Steel, Youngstown, Ohio

Iron being converted to steel for wartime efforts at Youngstown's Republic Steel in 1941

The National Football League was originally founded in Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association.

In 1970 an Ohio Army National Guard unit fired at students during an anti-war protest at Kent State University, killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an ROTC building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War.[86]

Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other Midwestern states, as well as New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, and Quebec, including the Great Lakes Charter, Great Lakes Compact, and the Council of Great Lakes Governors.

21st century[]

Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"[87] in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.[88] Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the Great Recession, it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.[89]

Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor Bob Taft around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.[90] The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,[91] attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,[92] while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.[92] In 2010 the state won the International Economic Development Council's Excellence in Economic Development Award, celebrated as a national model of success.[93]

Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including Akron as a center for polymer and biomedical research, Cincinnati as the state's largest mercantile hub,[94] Columbus as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,[94] Cleveland in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, Dayton as an aerospace and defense hub, and Toledo as a national center for solar technology.[95][96] Ohio was hit hard by the Great Recession and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs[97] and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.[98] The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.[99]

Demographics[]

Historical populations
Census Pop.
1800 45,365
1810 230,760 408.7%
1820 581,434 152.0%
1830 937,903 61.3%
1840 1,519,467 62.0%
1850 1,980,329 30.3%
1860 2,339,511 18.1%
1870 2,665,260 13.9%
1880 3,198,062 20.0%
1890 3,672,329 14.8%
1900 4,157,545 13.2%
1910 4,767,121 14.7%
1920 5,759,394 20.8%
1930 6,646,697 15.4%
1940 6,907,612 3.9%
1950 7,946,627 15.0%
1960 9,706,397 22.1%
1970 10,652,017 9.7%
1980 10,797,630 1.4%
1990 10,847,115 0.5%
2000 11,353,140 4.7%
2010 11,536,504 1.6%
Source: 1910–2020[100]

Population[]

From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew faster than 10% per decade (except for the 1940 census) until the 1970 census, which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans.[101] Growth then slowed for the next four decades.[102] The United States Census Bureau counted 11,808,848 in the 2020 census, a 2.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[3] Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and whites are found in a greater density than the US average. As of 2000, Ohio's center of population is located in Morrow County,[103] in the county seat of Mount Gilead.[104] This is approximately 6,346 feet (1,934 m) south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.[103]

Template:Graph:Chart
Graph of Ohio's population from 1800 to 2020 census
Ohio change in population by county 2010 to 2020

Population growth by county in Ohio 2010 to 2020 censuses

  -10 to -5 percent
  -5 to -2 percent
  -2 to 0 percent
  0 to 2 percent
  2 to 5 percent
  5 to 10 percent
  10 to 20 percent
   More than 20 percent

As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.[105]

6.2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.

Birth data[]

Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
Race 2013[106] 2014[107] 2015[108] 2016[109] 2017[110] 2018[111] 2019[112]
White 109,749 (79.0%) 110,003 (78.9%) 109,566 (78.7%) ... ... ... ...
> Non-Hispanic White 104,059 (74.9%) 104,102 (74.6%) 103,586 (74.4%) 100,225 (72.6%) 98,762 (72.1%) 97,423 (72.1%) 95,621 (71.1%)
Black 24,952 (18.0%) 24,931 (17.9%) 25,078 (18.0%) 22,337 (16.2%) 22,431 (16.4%) 22,201 (16.4%) 22,555 (16.8%)
Asian 3,915 (2.8%) 4,232 (3.0%) 4,367 (3.1%) 4,311 (3.1%) 4,380 (3.2%) 4,285 (3.2%) 4,374 (3.3%)
American Indian 320 (0.2%) 301 (0.2%) 253 (0.2%) 128 (0.1%) 177 (0.1%) 169 (0.1%) 204 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race) 6,504 (4.7%) 6,884 (4.9%) 6,974 (5.0%) 7,420 (5.4%) 7,468 (5.5%) 7,432 (5.5%) 7,725 (5.7%)
Total Ohio 138,936 (100%) 139,467 (100%) 139,264 (100%) 138,085 (100%) 136,832 (100%) 135,134 (100%) 134,461 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

Ancestry[]

According to the 2010 United States Census, the racial composition of Ohio was the following:[113][114]

  • White American: 82.7% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 81.1%)
  • Black or African American: 12.2%
  • Native American: 0.2%
  • Asian: 1.7% (0.6% Indian, 0.4% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese)
  • Pacific Islander: 0.03%
  • Two or more races: 2.1%
  • Some other race: 1.1%
  • Hispanic or Latinos (of any race) make up 3.1% (1.5% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Guatemalan, 0.1% Cuban)
Ohio racial breakdown of population
Racial composition 1990[115] 2000[116] 2010[117]
White 87.8% 85.0% 82.7%
African American 10.6% 11.5% 12.2%
Asian 0.8% 1.2% 1.7%
Native 0.2% 0.2% 0.2%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander
Other race 0.5% 0.8% 1.1%
Two or more races 1.4% 2.1%

In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized US citizens and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.[1] The largest groups were:[118] Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.

The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:[1][119]

  • 26.5% German
  • 14.1% Irish
  • 9.0% English
  • 6.4% Italian
  • 3.8% Polish
  • 2.5% French
  • 1.9% Scottish
  • 1.7% Hungarian
  • 1.6% Dutch
  • 1.5% Mexican
  • 1.2% Slovak
  • 1.1% Welsh
  • 1.1% Scotch-Irish

Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include Sub-Saharan African, Puerto Rican, Swiss, Swedish, Arab, Greek, Norwegian, Romanian, Austrian, Lithuanian, Finnish, West Indian, Portuguese and Slovene.

Ohio population map

Population density map

Languages[]

About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.[1] Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke English, 239,229 Spanish, 55,970 German, 38,990 Chinese, 33,125 Arabic, and 32,019 French. In addition 59,881 spoke a Slavic language and 42,673 spoke another West Germanic language according to the 2010 Census.[120] Ohio also had the nation's largest population of Slovene speakers, second largest of Slovak speakers, second largest of Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers, and the third largest of Serbian speakers.[121]

Religion[]

Amish - On the way to school by Gadjoboy-crop

Amish children on their way to school

According to a Pew Forum poll, as of 2014, 73% of Ohioans identified as Christian.[122] Specifically, 29% of Ohio's population identified as Evangelical Protestant, 17% as Mainline Protestant, 7% as Historically Black Protestant, and 18% as Catholic.[122] 22% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body.[122] Small minorities of Jews (1%), Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), Muslims (1%), Hindus (<1%), Buddhists (1%), Mormons (1%), and other faiths (1-1.5%) exist.[122]

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the Catholic Church with 1,992,567; the United Methodist Church with 496,232; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 223,253, the Southern Baptist Convention with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the United Church of Christ with 118,000, and the Presbyterian Church (USA) with 110,000.[123] With about 80,000 adherents in 2020, Ohio has the second largest Amish population of all U.S. states, only behind neighboring Pennsylvania.[124]

According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 56%, feel religion is "very important", 25% that it is "somewhat important", and 19% that religion is "not too important/not important at all".[122] 38% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 32% occasionally, and 30% seldom or never.[122]

Religion in Ohio (2014)[122]
Religion Percent
Protestant
  
53%
Unaffiliated
  
22%
Catholic
  
18%
Mormon
  
1%
Jewish
  
1%
Jehovah's Witness
  
1%
Muslim
  
1%
Buddhist
  
1%
Other faith
  
2%

Economy[]

Cincinnati-procter-and-gamble-headquarters

Cincinnati's Procter & Gamble is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.[125] In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.[126] The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.[127] As of 2016, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626 billion.[128] This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the District of Columbia.[129]

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.[130] Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.[131] The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.[132] Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.[133] Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report's 2010 rankings,[134] and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.[135]

Ohio's unemployment rate stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,[136] down from 10.7% in May 2010.[137][138] The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-recession numbers of 2007.[139] The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.[139] Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.[129][140] As of 2019, Ohio's median household income is $58,642,[141] and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.[142]

The manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.[129] Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.[143][144] Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.[145] 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.[129]

By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).[129] Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).[129] Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.[129] Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including Procter & Gamble, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, AK Steel, Timken, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Wendy's.[146]

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,[147] the Ohio Lottery.[148] As of 2020, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.[149]

Transportation[]

Ground travel[]

Many major east–west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Wooster, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Route 30.

Ohio also is home to 228 miles (367 km) of the Historic National Road, now U.S. Route 40.

Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the Ohio Turnpike (I-80/I-90) in the north, I-76 through Akron to Pennsylvania, I-70 through Columbus and Dayton, and the Appalachian Highway (State Route 32) running from West Virginia to Cincinnati. Major north–south routes include I-75 in the west through Toledo, Dayton, and Cincinnati, I-71 through the middle of the state from Cleveland through Columbus and Cincinnati into Kentucky, and I-77 in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, Canton, New Philadelphia and Marietta south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio.

Ohio also has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow rail trails, with conversion ongoing. The Ohio to Erie Trail (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. U.S. Bicycle Route 50 traverses Ohio from Steubenville to the Indiana state line outside Richmond.[150]

Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent of which is the Buckeye Trail which extends 1,444 mi (2,324 km) in a loop around the state of Ohio. Part of it is on roads and part is on wooded trail. Additionally, the North Country Trail (the longest of the eleven National Scenic Trails authorized by Congress) and the American Discovery Trail (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the United States) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.

Transit[]

Cincinnati-bell-connector station-1-the-banks 09-11-2016

Cincinnati light rail

Ohio has extensive railroads, though today most are only utilized by freight companies. Major cities in the north and south of Ohio lie on Amtrak intercity rail lines. The Capitol Limited and the Lake Shore Limited serve Toledo, Cleveland and other northern Ohio cities. The Cardinal serves Cincinnati. Columbus is the largest city in the United States without any form of passenger rail. Its Union Station last had an inter-city train in 1979 with the National Limited. Mass transit exists in many forms in Ohio cities, primarily through bus systems, though Cleveland has both light and heavy rail through the GCRTA, and Cincinnati reestablished a streetcar line in 2016.

Air travel[]

Ohio has four international airports, four commercial, and two military. The four international include Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, John Glenn Columbus International Airport, Dayton International Airport, and Rickenbacker International Airport (one of two military airfields). The other military airfield is Wright Patterson Air Force Base which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in Toledo and Akron. Cincinnati's primary airport, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, is in Hebron, Kentucky, and therefore is not included in Ohio airport lists.

Transportation lists[]

  • List of Interstate Highways in Ohio
  • List of U.S. Routes in Ohio
  • List of state routes in Ohio
  • List of Ohio train stations
  • List of Ohio railroads
  • List of rivers of Ohio
  • Historic Ohio Canals

Law and government[]

Columbus, Ohio - Highsmith 40

The Ohio Statehouse in Columbus, home to the Ohio General Assembly

The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[151][152][153]

Executive branch[]

The executive branch is headed by the governor of Ohio.[151] The current governor is Mike DeWine since 2019, a member of the Republican Party.[154] A lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.[155][156] The current lieutenant governor is Jon A. Husted. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state (Frank LaRose), auditor (Keith Faber), treasurer (Robert Sprague), and attorney general (Dave Yost).[151] There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.[157][158]

Legislative branch[]

The Ohio General Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives.[159] The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 constituents.[160] The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.[161] The Republican Party is the controlling party in both houses as of the 2020 election cycle.

Judicial branch[]

Ohio State Office Building 1

The Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center holds the Supreme Court of Ohio.

There are three levels of the Ohio state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".[162] The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.[163] Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.[162] A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.[162]

The state's highest-ranking court is the Ohio Supreme Court.[164] A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.[165]

Politics[]

"Mother of presidents"[]

Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with Virginia. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",[166] in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born William Henry Harrison lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, in North Bend, Ohio. The seven presidents born in Ohio were Ulysses S. Grant (elected from Illinois), Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from Indiana), William McKinley, William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding.[167] All seven were Republicans.

Swing state[]

Ohio Presidential Election Results 2020

Presidential election results by county for 2020 Template:LeftlegendTemplate:Leftlegend

United States presidential election results for Ohio[168]
Year Republican / Whig Democratic Third party
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 3,154,834 53.18% 2,679,165 45.16% 98,447 1.66%
2016 2,841,006 51.31% 2,394,169 43.24% 301,372 5.44%
2012 2,661,437 47.60% 2,827,709 50.58% 101,788 1.82%
2008 2,677,820 46.80% 2,940,044 51.38% 103,967 1.82%
2004 2,859,768 50.81% 2,741,167 48.71% 26,973 0.48%
2000 2,351,209 49.97% 2,186,190 46.46% 168,058 3.57%
1996 1,859,883 41.02% 2,148,222 47.38% 526,329 11.61%
1992 1,894,310 38.35% 1,984,942 40.18% 1,060,712 21.47%
1988 2,416,549 55.00% 1,939,629 44.15% 37,521 0.85%
1984 2,678,560 58.90% 1,825,440 40.14% 43,619 0.96%
1980 2,206,545 51.51% 1,752,414 40.91% 324,644 7.58%
1976 2,000,505 48.65% 2,011,621 48.92% 99,747 2.43%
1972 2,441,827 59.63% 1,558,889 38.07% 94,071 2.30%
1968 1,791,014 45.23% 1,700,586 42.95% 468,098 11.82%
1964 1,470,865 37.06% 2,498,331 62.94% 0 0.00%
1960 2,217,611 53.28% 1,944,248 46.72% 0 0.00%
1956 2,262,610 61.11% 1,439,655 38.89% 0 0.00%
1952 2,100,391 56.76% 1,600,367 43.24% 0 0.00%
1948 1,445,684 49.24% 1,452,791 49.48% 37,596 1.28%
1944 1,582,293 50.18% 1,570,763 49.82% 0 0.00%
1940 1,586,773 47.80% 1,733,139 52.20% 0 0.00%
1936 1,127,855 37.44% 1,747,140 57.99% 137,594 4.57%
1932 1,227,319 47.03% 1,301,695 49.88% 80,714 3.09%
1928 1,627,546 64.89% 864,210 34.45% 16,590 0.66%
1924 1,176,130 58.33% 477,888 23.70% 362,219 17.97%
1920 1,182,022 58.47% 780,037 38.58% 59,594 2.95%
1916 514,753 44.18% 604,161 51.86% 46,172 3.96%
1912 278,168 26.82% 424,834 40.96% 334,092 32.21%
1908 572,312 51.03% 502,721 44.82% 46,519 4.15%
1904 600,095 59.75% 344,674 34.32% 59,624 5.94%
1900 543,918 52.30% 474,882 45.66% 21,273 2.05%
1896 525,991 51.86% 477,497 47.08% 10,807 1.07%
1892 405,187 47.66% 404,115 47.53% 40,862 4.81%
1888 416,054 49.51% 396,455 47.18% 27,852 3.31%
1884 400,082 50.99% 368,280 46.94% 16,248 2.07%
1880 375,048 51.73% 340,821 47.01% 9,098 1.25%
1876 330,698 50.21% 323,182 49.07% 4,769 0.72%
1872 281,852 53.24% 244,321 46.15% 3,263 0.62%
1868 280,167 54.00% 238,621 46.00% 0 0.00%
1864 265,654 56.37% 205,599 43.63% 0 0.00%
1860 221,809 51.24% 187,421 43.30% 23,632 5.46%
1856 187,497 48.51% 170,874 44.21% 28,126 7.28%
1852 152,523 43.18% 168,933 47.83% 31,732 8.98%
1848 138,359 42.12% 154,773 47.12% 35,347 10.76%
1844 155,113 49.68% 149,061 47.74% 8,050 2.58%
1840 148,157 54.10% 124,782 45.57% 903 0.33%
1836 104,958 51.87% 96,238 47.56% 1,137 0.56%



Ohio is considered a swing state, being won by either the Democratic or Republican candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.[169] Pivotal in the election of 1888, Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.[170][171]

Additionally, Ohio is considered a bellwether. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".[172] The Economist notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",[173] Since 1896, Ohio has had only three misses in the general election (Thomas E. Dewey in 1944, Richard Nixon in 1960, and Donald Trump in 2020) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from 1964 to 2016, and in 33 of the 38 held since the Civil War. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.

As of 2019, there are more than 7.8 million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3 million Democrats and 1.9 million Republicans. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.[174] Since the 2010 midterm elections, Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.[175] The governor, Mike DeWine, is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor Jon A. Husted, Attorney General Dave Yost, State Auditor Keith Faber, Secretary of State Frank LaRose and State Treasurer Robert Sprague. In the Ohio State Senate the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the Ohio House of Representatives the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.

Losing two seats in the U.S. House of Representatives following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.[176] As of the 2020 cycle, twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. Marcy Kaptur (D-09) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.[177] The senior U.S. senator, Sherrod Brown, is a Democrat, while the junior, Rob Portman, is a Republican.[178][179]

Voter suppression[]

Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993[180] and the Help America Vote Act of 2002.[181] In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.[180]

Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.[182]

Education[]

Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Ohio University, the first university in the Northwest Territory, was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of more than 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

Tree Map of Majors in Ohio (Bachelor's Degree)

A tree map depicting the distribution of bachelor's degrees awarded in Ohio in 2014

Colleges and universities[]

Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; Denison University, Oberlin College, and Kenyon College. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes Case Western Reserve University, Ohio State University and Miami University.[183]

  • 13 state universities
    • Bowling Green State University (Bowling Green)
    • Central State University (Wilberforce)
    • Cleveland State University (Cleveland)
    • Kent State University (Kent)
    • Miami University (Oxford)
    • The Ohio State University (Columbus)
    • Ohio University (Athens)
    • Shawnee State University (Portsmouth)
    • University of Akron (Akron)
    • University of Cincinnati (Cincinnati)
    • University of Toledo (Toledo)
    • Wright State University (Fairborn)
    • Youngstown State University (Youngstown)
  • 24 state university branch and regional campuses
  • 46 private colleges and universities
  • 6 free-standing state-assisted medical schools
    • Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University
    • Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University
    • Northeast Ohio Medical University
    • The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health
    • University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
    • University of Toledo College of Medicine (formerly Medical University of Ohio)
  • 15 community colleges
  • 8 technical colleges
  • 24 independent non-profit colleges

Libraries[]

Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.[184] The 2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr. ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.[185] For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.[184]

  • 500,000 books or more
    • Columbus Metropolitan Library (First)
    • Cuyahoga County Public Library (Second)
    • Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County (Tenth)

The Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN) is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.

Ohio also offers the OhioLINK program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials for the other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers for access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available.

Culture[]

Arts[]

Music[]

The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame are both located in Cleveland. Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed is credited with coining the term and promoting rock and roll in the early 1950s. Cincinnati is home to the American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum.

Popular musicians from Ohio include Mamie Smith, Dean Martin, Dave Grohl, Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun of Twenty One Pilots, Frankie Yankovic, Doris Day, The McGuire Sisters, The Isley Brothers, Bobby Womack, Howard Hewett, Shirley Murdock, Boz Scaggs, John Legend, Marilyn Manson, Nine Inch Nails, Dan Auerbach and Patrick Carney of The Black Keys, Griffin Layne, Joe Dolce, Kid Cudi, Benjamin Orr of The Cars, Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders, William "Bootsy" Collins, Stephanie Eulinberg of Kid Rock's Twisted Brown Trucker Band, and Devo. Five Ohio musicians are Rock and Roll Hall of Fame members.

Performance arts[]

Springer Auditorium 2017

Springer Auditorium at the Cincinnati Music Hall.

Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.[186] The Cleveland Orchestra is one of the historic Big Five orchestras in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.[187]

Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including Akron, Blue Ash, Canton, Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton, Toledo, and Youngstown. Cincinnati is home to its own ballet, symphony orchestra, pops orchestra, and opera, all housed at the Cincinnati Music Hall. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the Dayton Performing Arts Alliance.

The Columbus Association for the Performing Arts manages seven historic Columbus area theaters.[188]

Winter Guard International has hosted national championships in performing arts at the University of Dayton from 1983 to 1989, 1991–1996, 1998–2000, 2002–2003, and from 2005 to the present.

Visual arts[]

Ohio is home to 30 art institutions, including the Columbus Museum of Art, Cincinnati Art Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, and other entities. The full list includes:

  • Akron Art Museum, Akron
  • Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College
  • Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Ohio State University
  • Burchfield Homestead, Salem
  • Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown
  • Canton Museum of Art, Canton
  • Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati
  • Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland
  • Columbus Museum of Art, Columbus
  • Contemporary Arts Center, Cincinnati
  • Dayton Art Institute, Dayton
  • Frank Museum of Art, Otterbein University
  • National Imperial Glass Museum, Bellaire
  • Kennedy Museum of Art, Ohio University
  • Temple Museum of Religious Art, Case Western Reserve University
  • Mansfield Art Center, Mansfield
  • McDonough Museum of Art, Youngstown State University
  • Miami University Art Museum, Miami University
  • Museum of Ceramics, East Liverpool
  • Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, Cleveland
  • Ohio Glass Museum, Lancaster
  • Richard Ross Museum of Art, Ohio Wesleyan University
  • Springfield Center for the Arts at Wittenberg University, Wittenberg University
  • Taft Museum of Art, Cincinnati
  • Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo
  • Toy and Plastic Brick Museum, Bellaire
  • University of Findlay's Mazza Museum, University of Findlay
  • Wexner Center for the Arts, Ohio State University
  • Whitby Mansion, Sidney

The Cincinnati Art Museum holds over 100,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history, being among the most comprehensive collections in the Midwest. Among its notable collections are works by Master of San Baudelio, Jorge Ingles, Sandro Botticelli (Judith with Head of Holofernes), Matteo di Giovanni, Domenico Tintoretto (Portrait of Venetian dux Marino Grimani), Mattia Preti, Bernardo Strozzi, Frans Hals, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (St. Thomas of Villanueva), Peter Paul Rubens (Samson and Delilah) and Aert van der Neer. The collection also includes works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Claude Monet (Rocks At Belle Isle), and Pablo Picasso. The museum also has a large collection of paintings by American painter Frank Duveneck (Elizabeth B. Duveneck).

The Cleveland Museum of Art is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian and Egyptian art, and has a permanent collection of more than 61,000 works from around the world.[189] It is the fourth-wealthiest art museum in the United States.[190]

The Columbus Museum of Art holds nineteenth and early twentieth-century American and European art, including early Cubist paintings by Pablo Picasso and Juan Gris, works by François Boucher, Paul Cézanne, Mary Cassatt, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Edgar Degas, Henri Matisse, Claude Monet, Edward Hopper, and Norman Rockwell, and installations by Mel Chin, Josiah McElheny, Susan Philipsz, and Allan Sekula. Also in Columbus, the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum collection includes 450,000 original cartoons, 36,000 books, 51,000 serial titles, and 3,000 feet (910 m) of manuscript materials, plus 2.5 million comic strip clippings and tear sheets, making it the largest research library for cartoon art.

Youngstown's Butler Institute of American Art was the first museum to be dedicated exclusively to American art.[191]

Sports[]

Professional sports teams[]

Progressive Field - Cleveland, OH

Progressive Field, home to the Cleveland Indians baseball team

Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different major leagues in the United States. Current teams include the Cincinnati Reds and Cleveland Indians of Major League Baseball,[192][193] the Columbus Crew SC and FC Cincinnati of Major League Soccer,[194] the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association,[195] the Cincinnati Bengals and Cleveland Browns of the National Football League,[196] and the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League.[197]

Ohio has brought home seven World Series titles (Reds 1919, 1940, 1975, 1976, 1990; Indians 1920, 1948), two MLS Cups (Crew 2008, 2020), one NBA Championship (Cavaliers 2016), and nine NFL Championships (Pros 1920; Bulldogs 1922, 1923, 1924; Rams 1945; Browns 1950, 1954, 1955, 1964). Despite this success in the NFL in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the Super Bowl since its inception in 1967 or made an appearance since 1989. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals.

Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869, were organized in Ohio.[198] An informal early-20th-century American football association, the Ohio League, was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is located in Canton.

On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts minor league baseball, arena football, indoor football, mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.

Individual sports[]

The Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course has hosted several auto racing championships, including CART World Series, IndyCar Series, NASCAR Nationwide Series, Can-Am, Formula 5000, IMSA GT Championship, American Le Mans Series and Rolex Sports Car Series. The Grand Prix of Cleveland also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The Eldora Speedway is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR Camping World Truck Series, World of Outlaws Sprint Cars and USAC Silver Crown Series races.

Ohio hosts two PGA Tour events, the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and Memorial Tournament. The Cincinnati Masters is an ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and WTA Premier 5 tennis tournament.

College sports[]

Ohio Stadium, Columbus

Ohio Stadium in Columbus, home to the Ohio State Buckeyes football team, is the fifth largest stadium in the world.

Ohio has eight NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision college football teams, divided among three different conferences. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.

There is only one program in the Power Five conferences, the Ohio State Buckeyes, who play in the Big Ten Conference. The football team is second in all-time winning percentage, with a 931–327–53 overall record and a 25–26 bowl record as of 2020. The program has produced seven Heisman Trophy winners, forty conference titles, and eight undisputed national championships. The men's basketball program has appeared in the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament 27 times.

In the Group of Five conferences, the Cincinnati Bearcats play as a member of the American Athletic Conference. Their men's basketball team has over 1,800 wins, 33 March Madness appearances, and is currently on a nine-year streak of appearances as of 2019. Six teams are represented in the Mid-American Conference: the Akron Zips, Bowling Green Falcons, Kent State Golden Flashes, Miami RedHawks, Ohio Bobcats and the Toledo Rockets. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland. The Cincinnati–Miami rivalry game has been played in southwest Ohio every year since 1888 and is the oldest current non-conference NCAA football rivalry.

Other Division I schools, either part of the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision or not fielding in football include the Cleveland State Vikings, Xavier Musketeers, Wright State Raiders, and Youngstown State Penguins. Xavier's men's basketball has performed particularly well, with 27 March Madness appearances. Youngstown State's football has the third most NCAA Division I Football Championship wins, with 3.

There are 12 NCAA Division II universities and 22 NCAA Division III universities in Ohio.

See also[]

  • Index of Ohio-related articles
  • Outline of Ohio

Notes[]

  1. ^ a b c d Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder—Results". http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table. 
  2. ^ According to the U.S. Census July 2017 Annual Estimate, Greater Columbus is the largest Metropolitan statistical area (MSA) that is entirely within Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is at least partially within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest in Ohio depends on the context.
  3. ^ a b "APPORTIONMENT POPULATION AND NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES BY STATE: 2020 CENSUS". US Census Bureau. April 26, 2021. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf. 
  4. ^ "Median Annual Household Income". http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0. 
  5. ^ a b Mary Stockwell (2006). Ohio Adventure. Gibbs Smith. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4236-2382-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC. 
  6. ^ "The Admission of Ohio as a State". United States House of Representatives. https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/. 
  7. ^ "Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?". November 1998. https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf. 
  8. ^ "Quick Facts About the State of Ohio". Ohio History Central. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php. "From Iroquois word meaning 'great river'" 
  9. ^ Mithun, Marianne (1999). "Borrowing". The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–3. ISBN 978-0-521-29875-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&pg=PA311. "Ohio ('large creek')" 
  10. ^ "Native Ohio". Ohio State University. http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm. "Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'" 
  11. ^ William M. Davidson (1902). A History of the United States. Scott, Foresman and Company. p. 265. https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog. 
  12. ^ "U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019" (in en). https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/. 
  13. ^ TOP 10 STATES FOR MANUFACTURING 2019 Retrieved December 31, 2019
  14. ^ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (2000). "The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives". http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html. 
  15. ^ Pollard, Kelvin (2008). "Swing, Bellwether, and Red and Blue States". Population Reference Bureau. http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx. 
  16. ^ "Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State". https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/. 
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Ohio's State Symbols". Ohio Governor's Residence and State Garden. http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx. 
  18. ^ (February 12, 2003) "Transportation delivers for Ohio". 
  19. ^ "Ohio Coastal Counties". 
  20. ^ (January 21, 1980) "Ohio v. Kentucky, 444 U.S. 335". 
  21. ^ "History of the Appalachian Regional Commission". 
  22. ^ "Counties in Appalachia" Archived September 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.
  23. ^ "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005", The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005 data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)
  24. ^ "The History of the MCD: The Conservancy Act". Miami Conservancy District. http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp. 
  25. ^ "History". http://www.stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history. 
  26. ^ "State of Emergency in 37 Ohio Counties Declared". March 20, 2019. https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019. 
  27. ^ "Ohio climate averages". Weatherbase. http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America. 
  28. ^ "All-Time Temperature Maximums By State (2003)". National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf. 
  29. ^ "All-Time Temperature Minimums By State (2003)". National Climatic Data Center. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf. 
  30. ^ McLeod, Jaime (February 6, 2012). "The Great Blizzard of 1899: Deep South, Deep Freeze". http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/. 
  31. ^ a b Hansen, Michael C. (2015). "Earthquakes in Ohio". 
  32. ^ Baranoski, Mark T. (2013). "Structure Contour Map on the Precambrian Unconformity Surface in Ohio and Related Basement Features". 
  33. ^ "OhioSeis Earthquake FAQ: What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?". Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey. http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio. 
  34. ^ Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio Archived December 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Geological Survey.
  35. ^ "Historic United States Earthquakes. Ohio". 
  36. ^ "Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19". 
  37. ^ "Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31". 
  38. ^ "Historic Earthquakes. Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31". 
  39. ^ "Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986". 
  40. ^ "Magnitude 4.0—Youngstown‐Warren urban area, OH". 
  41. ^ "M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio". 
  42. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html. 
  43. ^ "Top 100 U.S. metro economies". U.S. Conference of Mayors. http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf. 
  44. ^ Womack, Brian (June 10, 2019). "Plano set to lose Fortune 500 HQ as Alliance Data Systems shifts to Ohio". Dallas Business Journal. https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html. 
  45. ^ a b "OMB Bulletin No. 17-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas". United States Office of Management and Budget. August 15, 2017. https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/bulletins/2017/b-17-01.pdf. 
  46. ^ a b c d "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau, Population Division. August 12, 2021. https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html. 
  47. ^ a b Knepper (1989), p. 9.
  48. ^ a b Knepper (1989), p. 10.
  49. ^ Knepper (1989), p. 11.
  50. ^ Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.
  51. ^ a b c Knepper (1989), p. 13.
  52. ^ "Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.
  53. ^ Knepper (1989), p. 14.
  54. ^ Roseboom (1967), p. 20.
  55. ^ Petun, Erie, Chonnonton, Wyandot, the Mingo Seneca & the Iroquois Confederacy
  56. ^ Miami, Mascouten Lenape Shawnee & Odawa
  57. ^ Mosopelea
  58. ^ louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
  59. ^ Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.
  60. ^ Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.
  61. ^ "American Indians - Ohio History Central". https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians. 
  62. ^ Cogliano, Francis D. (2003). Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History. Francis and Taylor. ISBN 978-1-1346-7869-3. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Revolutionary_America_1763_1815/QMAKWDQt1LAC?hl=en&gbpv=0. 
  63. ^ Kaplan, Lawrence S. (September 1983). "The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge". International History Review 5: 431–442. DOI:10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322. 
  64. ^ Cayton (2002), p. 3.
  65. ^ "Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774–89". Library of Congress. June 4, 1998. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html. 
  66. ^ Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4766-7862-7.
  67. ^ Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4766-7862-7.
  68. ^ Hildreth, Samuel Prescott. Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011. ISBN 978-0615501895.
  69. ^ McCullough, David. The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West, pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. ISBN 978-1-5011-6870-3.
  70. ^ Hubbard, Robert Ernest. General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio," pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4766-7862-7.
  71. ^ Hildreth, Samuel Prescott. Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio, pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011. ISBN 978-0615501895.
  72. ^ McCullough, David. The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West, pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019. ISBN 978-1-5011-6870-3.
  73. ^ An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, 2 Stat. 201 (February 19, 1803).
  74. ^ a b Blue, Frederick J. (Autumn 2002). "The Date of Ohio Statehood". Ohio Academy of History Newsletter. 
  75. ^ Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, (Template:USStatute).
  76. ^ "Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood". http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml. 
  77. ^ Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.
  78. ^ Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.
  79. ^ "Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central". http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid. 
  80. ^ Cayton (2002), p. 129.
  81. ^ Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.
  82. ^ Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.
  83. ^ a b c "History of Ohio Steelmaking". http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php. 
  84. ^ Bytwerk, Randall. "The SS and Superman". http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm. 
  85. ^ "The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El)". http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html. 
  86. ^ Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166
  87. ^ "Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2010". 2010. http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010. 
  88. ^ Woody, Todd (November 23, 2009). "Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt". http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23. 
  89. ^ "Biden flies to Akron to help governor". http://www.ohio.com/news/top_stories/103405484.html. 
  90. ^ "Ohio Third Frontier – History". http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm. 
  91. ^ "Ohio can't afford to kill Third Frontier: Brent Larkin". May 2, 2010. http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/05/ohio_cant_afford_to_kill_third.html. 
  92. ^ a b "Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans" (Press release). Ohio Business Development Coalition. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html. Retrieved August 17, 2017. 
  93. ^ "Ohio Third Frontier and Supporting Programs Win Top Tech Awards for Economic Development" (Press release). http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/144882. Retrieved August 17, 2017. 
  94. ^ a b "Atlantic Eye: Brunner is the best for Ohio" Archived August 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Marc S. Ellenbogen. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
  95. ^ "Five cities that will rise in the New Economy", Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 27, 2009.
  96. ^ "Ohio gov. declares NW Ohio a solar energy hub". June 30, 2010. http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news/local&id=7530129. 
  97. ^ "Ohio has endured decade of job losses". September 12, 2010. http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html. 
  98. ^ Grzegorek, Vince (May 20, 2010). "We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again". http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again. 
  99. ^ "Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply". September 2010. http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html. 
  100. ^ "Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html. 
  101. ^ "Census of Population: 1970, Part 37—Ohio, Section 1". United States Census Bureau. 1970. http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf. 
  102. ^ Balistreri, Kelly (February 2001). "Ohio Population News: Why did Ohio lose a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives?". Center for Family and Demographic Research at Bowling Green State University. http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf. 
  103. ^ a b "2000 Population and Geographic Centers of Ohio". Ohio Department of Development, Office of Strategic Research. March 2001. http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf. 
  104. ^ "Population and Population Centers by State: 2000". United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt. 
  105. ^ "Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot Archived July 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine". The Plain Dealer. June 3, 2012.
  106. ^ "Archived copy". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf. 
  107. ^ "Archived copy". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf. 
  108. ^ "Archived copy". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf. 
  109. ^ "Archived copy". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf. 
  110. ^ "Archived copy". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf. 
  111. ^ "Data". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf. 
  112. ^ "Data". https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf. 
  113. ^ Bureau, U. S. Census. "American FactFinder—Results". https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table. 
  114. ^ Bureau, U. S. Census. "American FactFinder—Results". https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table. 
  115. ^ "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". July 25, 2008. https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html. 
  116. ^ "Population of Ohio: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts". http://censusviewer.com/city/OH. 
  117. ^ "US Census Bureau 2010 Census". https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html. 
  118. ^ "American FactFinder—Results". http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table. 
  119. ^ "American FactFinder—Results". http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table. 
  120. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder—Results". http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table. 
  121. ^ "Data Center Language List". http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops. 
  122. ^ a b c d e f g "Religious Landscape Study". May 11, 2015. http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/. 
  123. ^ "The Association of Religion Data Archives | State Membership Report". www.thearda.com. http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp. 
  124. ^ "Amish Population Profile, 2020". August 18, 2019. https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/. 
  125. ^ "Archived copy". https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH. 
  126. ^ "Site Selection Rankings". Greyhill Advisors. http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/. 
  127. ^ "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on 'Top 10 Business Climates' List for 2009" Archived September 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Earth Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
  128. ^ Analysis, US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic. "Bureau of Economic Analysis". https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels. 
  129. ^ a b c d e f g "Economic Overview". Ohio Department of Development. February 2009. http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf. 
  130. ^ "Business Tax Index 2009" Archived April 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  131. ^ "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009" Archived December 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  132. ^ "The Best States for Business" Archived July 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Directorship. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  133. ^ "The Best States For Business" Archived May 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, Forbes. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  134. ^ "Best Colleges 2010" Archived December 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  135. ^ "Best High Schools: State by State Statistics" Archived April 30, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
  136. ^ Ohio unemployment rate 4.5% in February; state gained 13,400 jobs Archived March 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 24, 2018
  137. ^ Bls.gov Archived July 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine; Local Area Unemployment Statistics
  138. ^ "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio" Archived November 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Zanesville Times-Recorder. June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  139. ^ a b Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know Archived May 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Cleveland.com.
  140. ^ "Strickland: Mature leader needed, rival Kasich is too radical" Archived June 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Dayton Daily News. June 22, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.
  141. ^ Ohio Household Income Archived April 16, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Accessed June 8, 2021
  142. ^ Poverty Rate in Ohio Statista.
  143. ^ Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio Archived March 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Accessed March 24, 2018
  144. ^ Ohio Remains Among The Top Three States for Manufacturing Employment and Wages Archived March 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved March 24, 2018
  145. ^ "Economic Overview" Archived March 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.
  146. ^ (May 5, 2008) "Fortune 500 2008". 
  147. ^ "Lottery Results" (SHTML). Office of Citizen Services and Communications, General Services Administration. http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml. 
  148. ^ "About the Ohio Lottery". Ohio Lottery Commission. 2008. http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html. 
  149. ^ Local Circleville Lottery Winner Name Released The Scioto Press. September 25, 2020.
  150. ^ Vitale, Marty (May 29, 2014). "Report to SCOH" (Office Open XML). Louisville, Kentucky: Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. http://route.transportation.org/Documents/USRN%20Report%20May%2029%202014.docx. 
  151. ^ a b c "Constitution Online". Ohio General Assembly. https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01. 
  152. ^ "Constitution Online". Ohio General Assembly. https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01. 
  153. ^ "Constitution Online". Ohio General Assembly. https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01. 
  154. ^ "The Governors of Ohio". Ohio Historical Society. January 8, 2007. http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/. 
  155. ^ "Constitution Online". Ohio General Assembly. https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15. 
  156. ^ "Constitution Online". Ohio General Assembly. https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b. 
  157. ^ Gargan, John J. (1994). "The Ohio Executive Branch". In Sharkey, Mary Anne. Ohio Politics. Kent State University Press. pp. 263–264. ISBN 0-87338-509-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264. 
  158. ^ Ohio Revised Code § 121.01 et seq. Ohio Revised Code § 5703.01 et seq. Ohio Revised Code § 3301.13.
  159. ^ "Ohio General Assembly". Ohio History Central. July 1, 2005. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126. 
  160. ^ "Population represented by state legislators—Ballotpedia" (in en). https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators. 
  161. ^ "Government". Congressman Michael Turner. http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm. 
  162. ^ a b c "Constitution Online". Ohio General Assembly. https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04. 
  163. ^ "Ohio District Courts of Appeal". Ohio Judiciary System. http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/. 
  164. ^ "The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority". The Ohio Judicial System. http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp. 
  165. ^ "Constitution Online". Ohio General Assembly. 2009. https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02. 
  166. ^ "State Nicknames—Nicknames of U.S. States". Geography.about.com. http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm. 
  167. ^ Ann Heinrichs (January 1, 2003). Ohio. Capstone. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7565-0316-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43. 
  168. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Ohio". US Election Atlas. http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=39&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state. 
  169. ^ "The Odds of an Electoral College-Popular Vote Split Are Increasing" (in en-US). November 1, 2016. http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/. 
  170. ^ Trolling the Campuses for Swing-State Votes Archived May 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Julie Salamon, "The New York Times", October 2, 2004
  171. ^ Game Theory for Swingers Archived February 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Jordan Ellenberg, "Slate.com", October 25, 2004
  172. ^ Holli (1999), p. 162.
  173. ^ " A grain of sand for your thoughts" Archived February 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005.
  174. ^ "Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019" (in en-US). May 5, 2019. https://ohiovoterproject.org/. 
  175. ^ "Ohio Voters Are More Likely to be Old, White, Without Higher Education and Non-Affiliated with a Political Party". Clevescene. https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party. 
  176. ^ Riskind, Jonathan (December 24, 2008). "Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012". Columbus Dispatch. http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101. 
  177. ^ "Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) Urges Homeowners to Stay in Foreclosed Homes". Democracy Now. February 3, 2009. http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges. 
  178. ^ "Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times". http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio. 
  179. ^ "Senators of the 111th Congress". United States Senate. https://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH. 
  180. ^ a b Jennifer Safstrom (September 13, 2017). "The Right to Decide When to Vote: Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute". https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute. 
  181. ^ Ford, Matt (May 30, 2017). "Use It or Lose It?". https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/. 
  182. ^ Clinton, Hillary Rodham, What Happened (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), p. 419
  183. ^ "Archived copy". https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh. 
  184. ^ a b "Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006". http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf. 
  185. ^ "Average Statewide Scores". http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html. 
  186. ^ About Playhouse Square
  187. ^ "The World's Greatest Orchestras". http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras. 
  188. ^ "CAPA to manage Toledo theater". Business First of Columbus. June 22, 2009. http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2009/06/22/daily3.html. 
  189. ^ "General Museum Information". http://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/general-museum-information. 
  190. ^ Steven Litt (March 26, 2014). "After triumph and trauma, the Cleveland Museum of Art seeks committed, long-term leadership: CMA 2014". http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html. 
  191. ^ "Art Institute Gets Bulk of $1,5000,000 J. G. Butler Estate". The Youngstown Daily Vindicator. December 29, 1927. 
  192. ^ "The Official Site of the Cincinnati Reds". Major League Baseball. http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin. 
  193. ^ "The Official Site of the Cleveland Indians". Major League Baseball. http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle. 
  194. ^ "Major League Soccer Teams". Major League Soccer. http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/. 
  195. ^ "NBA.com Team Index". National Basketball Association. http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html. 
  196. ^ "NFL Teams". http://www.nfl.com/teams. 
  197. ^ "NHL Teams". http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm. 
  198. ^ Griffith, Grant (2007). "Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings". Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club. http://www.1869reds.com/history/. 

References[]

  • Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). Ohio: The History of a People. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0899-1
  • Knepper, George W. (1989). Ohio and Its People. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-791-0
  • Mithun, Marianne (1999). Languages of Native North America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Morris, Roy, Jr. (1992). Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan. New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 0-517-58070-5.
  • Holli, Melvin G. (1999). The American Mayor. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3
  • Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). A History of Ohio. Columbus: The Ohio Historical Society.

External links[]

Wiktionary-logo-en Definitions from Wiktionary
Wikibooks-logo Textbooks from Wikibooks
Wikiquote-logo Quotations from Wikiquote
Wikisource-logo Source texts from Wikisource
Commons-logo Images and media from Commons
Wikinews-logo News stories from Wikinews
Wikiversity-logo-Snorky Learning resources from Wikiversity

Coordinates: 40°17′10″N 82°47′37″W / 40.2862, -82.7937 (State of Ohio)

Advertisement