- AKA: Philip the Fair
- FR: Philippe IV le Bel, roi de France,
- 1265-1314: King of France
- 1285-1305: King of Navarre
- Count of Champagne
Philip IV Capet was born 1268 in Fontainebleau, Île-de-France, France to Philippe III Capet (1245-1285) and Isabella of Aragon (1247-1271) and died 29 October 1314 Fontainebleau, Île-de-France, France of unspecified causes. He married Joan I of Navarre (1271-1305) 16 August 1284 JL .
Biography
King Philip IV of France, also known as Philip the Fair, was born on April 12, 1268, in Fontainebleau, France. He was the second son of King Philip III and his wife, Isabella of Aragon (1247-1271). Philip IV became king in 1285 following the death of his father.
Although Philip was known to be handsome, hence the epithet le Bel, his rigid, autocratic, imposing, and inflexible personality gained him (from friend and foe alike) other nicknames, such as the Iron King (French: le Roi de fer). His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him: "He is neither man nor beast. He is a statue."[1][1]
During his reign, Philip IV consolidated and expanded the power of the French monarchy. He centralized the government, strengthened the royal administration, and instituted reforms to increase the efficiency of the tax system. He also promoted economic growth and expansion, including the development of the wool industry in northern France.
Philip IV was involved in a number of conflicts with other European powers, including England and the Holy Roman Empire. He fought several wars with England over control of Gascony and Flanders, and his victory at the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle in 1304 secured French dominance in Flanders.
Philip IV also became embroiled in a conflict with the papacy over the issue of royal supremacy. He clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over the extent of papal authority in secular affairs, and in 1305 he played a role in the election of a French pope, Clement V. Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon, where it remained for the next several decades.
Philip IV was also known for his persecution of the Knights Templar, a powerful and wealthy military order that had become a source of concern for many European rulers. In 1307, Philip IV had many of the Templars arrested on charges of heresy and blasphemy. The order was eventually dissolved, and its assets were seized by the French monarchy.
Philip IV died on November 29, 1314, at the age of 46. He was succeeded by his three sons in turn, Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV, all of whom faced significant challenges during their reigns.
Youth
A member of the House of Capet, Philip was born in 1268 in the medieval fortress of Fontainebleau (Seine-et-Marne) to the future Philip III, the Bold, and his first wife, Isabella of Aragon.[2] His father was the heir apparent of France, being the eldest son of King Louis IX.
In August 1270, when Philip was two years old, his grandfather died while on Crusade, his father became king, and his elder brother Louis became heir apparent. Only five months later, in January 1271, Philip's mother died after falling from a horse; she was pregnant with her fifth child at the time and had not yet been crowned queen beside her husband. A few months later, one of Philip's younger brothers, Robert, also died. Philip's father was finally crowned king at Rheims on 15 August 1271. Six days later, he married again; Philip's step-mother was Marie, daughter of the duke of Brabant.
In May 1276, Philip's elder brother Louis died, and the eight year old Philip became heir apparent. It was suspected that Louis had been poisoned, and that his stepmother, Marie of Brabant, had instigated the murder. One reason for these rumours was the fact that the queen had given birth to her own first son the month Louis died.[3]
Marriage and Family
Philip married Queen Joan I of Navarre (1271–1305) on 16 August 1284.[4] The two were affectionate and devoted to each other and Philip refused to remarry after Joan's death in 1305, despite the great political and financial rewards of doing so.[5] The primary administrative benefit of the marriage was Joan's inheritance of Champagne and Brie, which were adjacent to the royal demesne in Ile-de-France, and thus effectively were united to the king's own lands, expanding his realm.[6] The annexation of wealthy Champagne increased the royal revenues considerably, removed the autonomy of a large semi-independent fief and expanded royal territory eastward.[6] Philip also gained Lyon for France in 1312.[7]
Navarre remained in personal union with France, beginning in 1284 under Philip and Joan, for 44 years. The Kingdom of Navarre in the Pyrenees was poor but had a degree of strategic importance.[6] When in 1328 the Capetian line went extinct, the new Valois king, Philip VI, attempted to permanently annex the lands to France, compensating the lawful claimant, Joan II of Navarre, senior heir of Philip IV, with lands elsewhere in France. However, pressure from Joan II's family led to Phillip VI surrendering the land to Joan in 1329, and the rulers of Navarre and France were again different individuals.
The children of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre were:
- Marguerite Capet (1288-c1294). Died in childhood, betrothed to Infante Ferdinand of Castile[8]
- Louis X Capet (1289-1316), successor King of France[9]
- Blanche Capet (1290-c1294), Saint Denis).[10] Died in childhood, but betrothed in December 1291 (aged one) to Infante Ferdinand of Castile, later Ferdinand IV of Castile. Blanche was buried in the Basilica of St Denis.
- Philip V Capet (c1292-1322). King of France after brother's death.[9]
- Charles IV Capet (1294-1328). King of France after brother's death.[9]
- Isabella Capet (c1295-1358), Queen Consort of England. Married Edward II of England and was the mother of Edward III of England, future King of England.[9]
- Robert Capet (1297-1308), Saint Germain-en-Laye.[10] The Flores historiarum of Bernard Guidonis names "Robertum" as youngest of the four sons of Philip IV of France, adding that he died "in flore adolescentiæ suæ" ("in the flower of youth") and was buried "in monasterio sororum de Pyssiaco" ("in the monastery of the Sisters of Pyssiaco") in August 1308. Betrothed in October 1306 (aged ten) to Constance of Sicily.
All three of Philip's sons who reached adulthood became kings of France, and Isabella, his only surviving daughter, was the queen of England as consort to Edward II of England.
Children
Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
Marguerite Capet (1288-c1294) | 1288 | 1294 | |
Louis X Capet (1289-1316) | October 1289 | 5 June 1316 | Marguerite de Bourgogne (1290-1315) Clementia of Anjou (1293-1328) |
Blanche Capet (1290-c1294) | 1290 Paris, France | 13 April 1294 Saint Denis, France | |
Philip V Capet (c1292-1322) | 1292 | 3 January 1322 | Jeanne de Bourgogne (1292-1330) |
Charles IV Capet (1294-1328) | June 1294 Clermont, Picardy, France | 1 February 1328 Vincennes, Île-de-France, France | Blanche de Bourgogne (c1296-1326) Marie von Luxemburg (1304-1324) Jeanne of Évreux (1310-1370) |
Isabella Capet (c1295-1358) | 1295 | 22 August 1358 | Edward II of England (1284-1327) |
Robert Capet (1297-1308) | 1297 Paris, France | 1308 Saint Germain-en-Laye, France |
Siblings
Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
Louis Capet (1265-1276) | |||
Philip IV Capet (1268-1314) | 1268 Fontainebleau, Île-de-France, France | 29 October 1314 Fontainebleau, Île-de-France, France | Joan I of Navarre (1271-1305) |
Robert Capet (1269-1271) | |||
Charles de Valois (1270-1325) | 12 March 1270 | 16 December 1325 | Marguerite d'Anjou et Maine (1274-1299) Catherine I de Courtenay (1274-1308) Mahaut de Châtillon (1293-1358) |
Unknown Capet (1271-1271) |
Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
Louis Capet (1276-1319) | 3 May 1276 | 19 May 1319 Paris | Marguerite d'Artois (1285-1311) |
Blanca Capet (1278-1305) | 1278 Paris | 1 March 1305 Vienna | Rudolf III von Habsburg (c1281-1307) |
Marguerite Capet (1282-1317) | 1279 Paris, France | 2 February 1318 Marlborough Castle, Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom | Edward I of England (1239-1307) |
Ancestry Trees
- Charlemagne Family Ancestry
- Rollo Family Ancestry
- Rurik Family Ancestry
- Capetian dynasty
- House of Normandy
See Also
- wikipedia:en:Philip IV of France
- Philip IV of France at thePeerage
- Capetian Kings - Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
- Philip IV of France - Geni.com
- Philip IV of France at Find A Grave
- Adams, Charles (1982). Fight, Flight, Fraud: The Story of Taxation. Euro-Dutch Publishers. ISBN 978-0-686-39619-2.
- Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Trial of the Templars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45727-9.
- Black, Antony (1982). Political Thought in Europe, 1250–1450. Cambridge University Press.
- Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: Kings of France 987–1328. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-85285-528-4.
- Contamine, Philippe; Kerhervé, Jean; Rigaudière, Albert (2007). Monnaie, fiscalité et finances au temps de Philippe Le Bel: journée d'études du 14 mai 2004. Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière de la France.
- Curveiller, Stephane (1989) (in fr). Dunkerque, ville et port de Flandre à la fin du Moyen âge: à travers les comptes de bailliage de 1358 à 1407. Presses Univ. Septentrion. ISBN 978-2-85939-361-8.
- Grummitt, David; Lassalmonie, Jean-François (2015). [[[:Template:Googlebooks]] "Royal public finance (c.1290–1523)"]. In Christopher Fletcher. Government and Political Life in England and France, c.1300–c.1500. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-1-107-08990-7. Template:Googlebooks.
- Henneman, John Bell (2015). Royal Taxation in Fourteenth-Century France: The Development of War Financing, 1322–1359. Princeton University Press.
- Lerner, Robert E. (1968). The Age of Adversity: The Fourteenth Century. Cornell University Press. https://archive.org/details/ageofadversityfo00lernrich.
- Ozment, Steven (1980). The Age of Reform, 1250–1550: An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe. Yale University Press. https://archive.org/details/ageofreform125010000uozm.
- Jostkleigrewe, Georg (2018). Pleszczynski. ed. Imagined Communities: Constructing Collective Identities in Medieval Europe. 8. Brill.
- Strayer, Joseph (1980). The Reign of Philip the Fair. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-10089-0.
- Taylor, Craig, ed (2006). Debating the Hundred Years War. 29. Cambridge University Press.
- Torre, Ignacio de la (2010). [[[:Template:Googlebooks]] "The Monetary Fluctuations in Philip IV's Kingdom of France and Their Relevance to the Arrest of the Templars"]. In Jochen Burgtorf. The Debate on the Trial of the Templars (1307–1314). Farnham: Ashgate. 28 September 2010. pp. 57–68. ISBN 978-0-7546-6570-0. Template:Googlebooks.
- Street, John C. (1963). "Les Lettres de 1289 et 1305 des ilkhan Arγun et Ölǰeitü à Philippe le Bel by Antoine Mostaert, Francis Woodman Cleaves". Journal of the American Oriental Society 83: 265–268. DOI:10.2307/598384.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict. 1. ABC-CLIO.
- Warner, Kathryn (2016). Isabella of France, The Rebel Queen. Amberley.
- Wolfe, Michael (2009). Walled Towns and the Shaping of France: From the Medieval to the Early Modern Era. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Woodacre, Elena (2013). The Queens Regnant of Navarre. Palgrave Macmillan.
Contemporary Records
There are several contemporary references that provide insight into the life of King Philip IV of France. Here are some of the most important ones:
- Chronicles of Jean Froissart - Froissart was a chronicler who wrote about the Hundred Years' War and the reign of Philip IV. His work provides a vivid and detailed account of the king's life and times.
- Chronicles of Guillaume de Nangis - Nangis was a chronicler who wrote a history of the French kings from the reign of Philip III to the reign of Philip VI. His account of the reign of Philip IV provides important information on the king's policies and actions.
- Royal charters and letters - Many royal charters and letters from the reign of Philip IV survive, providing insight into the king's personal and political life. These documents include letters between Philip IV and other monarchs and nobles, as well as charters granting privileges and rights to various groups.
- Legal records - The legal records from the reign of Philip IV provide important insights into the legal system and the administration of justice in medieval France. These records include court cases, legal judgments, and other legal documents.
- Art and architecture - The surviving buildings and artwork from the reign of Philip IV also provide valuable insights into his life and times. Examples include the Palace of the Popes in Avignon, which was constructed during the papal exile in France, and the illuminated manuscripts and tapestries that were produced during the period.
Footnotes
- ^ a b Contamine, Kerhervé & Rigaudière 2007, p. 142.
- ^ Woodacre 2013, p. xviii.
- ^ Brown, E. (1987). "The Prince is Father of the King: The Character and Childhood of Philip the Fair of France". Mediaeval Studies 49: 282–334. DOI:10.1484/J.MS.2.306887. ISSN 0076-5872.
- ^ Warner 2016, p. 34.
- ^ Strayer 1980, pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b c Strayer 1980, p. 9.
- ^ Jostkleigrewe 2018, p. 55.
- ^ Taylor 2006, p. 141.
- ^ a b c d Warner 2016, p. 8.
- ^ a b Woodacre 2013, p. Chart I.
Philip IV Capet (1268-1314) Born: 1268 Died: 29 November 1314
| ||
Regnal titles | ||
---|---|---|
Preceded by Philip III |
King of France 1285–1314 |
Succeeded by Louis X and I |
Preceded by Joan I as sole ruler |
King of Navarre Count of Champagne 1284–1305 With: Joan I |
Footnotes (including sources)
Rtol, Phlox, Thurstan, MainTour
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