View source for Philip I of France (1052-1108)

{{Showfacts person
|given_name=Philip
|surname=Capet
|sex=M
|father=Henry I of France (1008-1060)
|mother=Anne of Kiev (c1028-1075)
|joined_with=Bertha van Holland (c1058-1094)+Bertrade de Montfort (c1059-1117)
|short_name=Philip I of France
|long_name=Philip I the Amorous Capet of France
|contributors=Rtol + Phlox + Thurstan +  MainTour
|titles=King of France
|birth_year=1052
|birth_month=5
|birth_day=23
|death_year=1108
|death_month=7
|death_day=29
|death_locality=Melun
|remains_locality=Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire
|remains_county=Loiret
|remains_nation=France
|globals={{get globals}}
}}
[[File:Sceau du roi Philippe Ier.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Philip's effigy on his seal]]
* '''[[List of French monarchs|King Philip I of France (1060-1108)]]'''
* '''AKA: Philip the Amorous'''
* '''AKA: Philip the Fair'''
{{showfacts biography}}
== Biography ==
'''King Philip I of France''', also known as '''Philip the Amorous''' or '''Philip the Fair''', was a monarch who ruled the [[List of French monarchs| Kingdom of France]] from 1060 to 1108 as part of the [[Capetian dynasty]]. He was born in 1052 in [[Champagne]], [[France]], as the son of [[Henry I of France (1008-1060)| King Henry I of France]] and his second wife, [[Anne of Kiev (c1028-1075)| Anne of Kiev]].{{sfn|Bradbury|2007|p=111}} Unusual for the time in Western Europe, his name was of [[Greek language|Greek]] origin, being bestowed upon him by his mother. 

Overall, King Philip I of France had a tumultuous personal life, marked by multiple marriages and affairs. However, his reign was also marked by significant political and cultural developments, including the construction of several important churches and the strengthening of the French monarchy.

=== Early Life ===
Although he was crowned king at the age of seven, following the death of his father.{{sfn|Strickland|2016|p=342}} Until age fourteen ([[1066]]) his mother acted as [[regent]], the first queen of France ever to do so. [[Baldwin V of Flanders (1012-1067)]] also acted as co-regent.{{sfn|Hallam|1980|p=50-51}}  


=== Kingship ===
As a young king, he faced several challenges, including rebellions by his vassals and disputes with the [[Holy Roman Empire]] over control of the Italian city of [[Lucca]].

Despite these challenges, Philip I was able to consolidate his power and expand his kingdom during his reign. He made alliances with neighboring kingdoms, including England and the Holy Roman Empire, and launched military campaigns to conquer territories from his rivals. He also worked to strengthen the central government of France by reforming the legal system and creating new institutions, such as the Cour des Comptes, which oversaw the finances of the kingdom.

=== Final Years ===
[[File:Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire - église abbatiale, intérieur (26).jpg|right|thumb|360px|13th-century effigy of King Philip I]]According to [[Abbot Suger]]:{{sfn|Abbot Suger}}

<blockquote>King Philip daily grew feebler. For after he had abducted the Countess of Anjou, he could achieve nothing worthy of the royal dignity; consumed by desire for the lady he had seized, he gave himself up entirely to the satisfaction of his passion. So he lost interest in the affairs of state and, relaxing too much, took no care for his body, well-made and handsome though it was. The only thing that maintained the strength of the state was the fear and love felt for his son and successor. When he was almost sixty, he ceased to be king, breathing his last breath at the castle of Melun-sur-Seine, in the presence of the [future king] Louis... They carried the body in a great procession to the noble monastery of St-Benoît-sur-Loire, where King Philip wished to be buried; there are those who say they heard from his own mouth that he deliberately chose not to be buried among his royal ancestors in the church of St. Denis because he had not treated that church as well as they had, and because among those of so many noble kings, his own tomb would not have counted for much.</blockquote>

Philip died in the castle of [[Melun]] and was buried per his request at the monastery of [[Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire]]{{sfn|Brown|1990|p=807}} – and not in [[Saint Denis Basilica|St Denis]] among his forefathers. 

Philip I died on July 29, 1108, at the age of 56, while on a hunting trip. He was succeeded by his son, [[Louis VI of France (1081-1137)]], who would continue his father's policies and expand the power of the French monarchy.

== Family and Marriages ==
However, Philip I was also known for his personal life, which was marked by scandal and controversy. He had a reputation as a womanizer, and his affairs with several noblewomen, including [[Bertrade de Montfort (c1059-1117)]], caused political and social upheaval. In 1092, he divorced his first wife, [[Bertha van Holland (c1058-1094)]], and married Bertrade, despite objections from the Church and many of his subjects.

=== 1st Marriage: Bertha of Holland ===
Philip first married [[Bertha van Holland (c1058-1094)]] in 1072.{{sfn|Bradbury|2007|p=114}} Although the marriage produced the necessary heir, Philip fell in love with [[Bertrade de Montfort]], the wife of [[Fulk IV, Count of Anjou]]. 

Philip's children with Bertha were:
# '''[[Constance Capet (1078-c1125)| Constance of France, Princess of Antioch]]''', married [[Hugh I of Champagne]] before 1097{{sfn|Paul|2012|p=38}} and then, after her divorce, to [[Bohemund I of Antioch]] in 1106.{{sfn|Huscroft|2016|p=xi}}
# '''[[Louis VI of France (1081-1137)]]''', next [[List of French monarchs| King of France]].{{sfn|Huscroft|2016|p=xi}}
# '''[[Henry Capet (1083-?)]]''' - died young.
# '''[[Charles Capet (1085-?)]]'''
# '''[[Eudes Capet (1087-1096)]]'''


=== 2nd Marriage: Bertrada de Montfort ===
He repudiated Bertha (claiming she was too fat) and married Bertrade on 15 May 1092.{{sfn|Bradbury|2007|p=119}} In 1094 following the synod of Autun, he was excommunicated by the papal representative, [[Hugh of Die]], for the first time;{{sfn|Bradbury|2007|p=119}} after a long silence, [[Pope Urban II]] repeated the excommunication at the [[Council of Clermont]] in November 1095.{{sfn|Somerville|2011|p=118}} Several times the ban was lifted as Philip promised to part with Bertrade, but he always returned to her; in 1104 Philip made a public penance and must have kept his involvement with Bertrade discreet.{{sfn|d'Avray|2014|p=47}} In France, the king was opposed by Bishop [[Ivo of Chartres]], a famous jurist.{{sfn|Rolker|2009|p=16}}

Philip's children with Bertrade were:
# Philip, Count of Mantes (1093 – [[fl.]] 1123),{{sfn|Power|2004|p=85}} married Elizabeth, daughter of [[Guy II of Montlhéry|Guy III of Montlhéry]]{{sfn|Bradbury|2007|p=131}}
# '''[[Fleury Capet (1093-1119)]]. Seigneur of [[Nangis]]''' {{sfn|McDougall|2017|p=155}}
# '''[[Cecile Capet (?-1145)]]''', married [[Tancred, Prince of Galilee]]{{sfn|McDougall|2017|p=159}} and then, after his death, to [[Pons of Tripoli]].{{sfn|Hodgson|2007|p=217}}

{{showfacts children
|children-g2=Philippe Capet (?-?)+Fleury Capet (1093-1119)+Cecile Capet (?-1145)
|children-g1=Constance Capet (1078-c1125)+Louis VI of France (1081-1137)+Henry Capet (1083-?)+Charles Capet (1085-?)+Eudes Capet (1087-1096)
|}}
{{Siblings}}

== Ancestry Trees ==
* [[Charlemagne Family Ancestry]]
* [[Rurik Family Ancestry]]
* [[Capetian dynasty]]

== See Also ==
* {{PersonWP|format=link|lang=en|Philip I of France}}
* {{thepeerage|id=103094|name=Philip I, Roi des Francs|primary=y}}
* [http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/CAPET.htm Capetian Kings] - Foundation for Medieval Genealogy
* [https://www.geni.com/people/Philip-I-king-of-France/6000000000157358561 Philip I, king of France] - Geni.com
* {{FAG|53676134|Philip I of France}}
*{{cite book |chapter=Philip I of France and Bertrade |title=Dissolving Royal Marriages: A Documentary History, 860–1600  |editor-first=David |editor-last=d'Avray |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 }}
*{{cite book |first=Jim |last=Bradbury |title=The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing  |year=2007 }}
*{{cite journal |title=Authority, the Family, and the Dead in Late Medieval France |first=Elizabeth A. R. |last=Brown |journal=French Historical Studies |volume= 16| issue =  4 Autumn |year=1990 |pages=803–832 |doi=10.2307/286323 |jstor=286323 }}
*{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Medieval History |volume=46, Issue 5 |year=2020 |title=Not so strange bedfellows: new thoughts on King Philip I of Francia’s marriage to Bertrada of Montfort |first=Matthew |last=Gabriele |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=499-512 }}
*{{cite book |first=Elizabeth |last=Hallam |title=Capetian France: 987–1328 |publisher=Longman Group Ltd |year=1980 }}
*{{cite book |title=Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative |first=Natasha R. |last=Hodgson |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=2007 }}
*{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Huscroft |title=Tales from the Long Twelfth Century: The Rise and Fall of the Angevin Empire |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 }}
*{{cite book |first=Sara |last=McDougall |title=Royal Bastards: The Birth of Illegitimacy, 800–1230 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 }}
*{{cite book |chapter=Countess as Rulers in Flanders |first=Karen S. |last=Nicholas |title=Aristocratic Women in Medieval France |editor-first=Theodore |editor-last=Evergates |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press  |year=1999  }}
*{{cite book |first=Nicholas L. |last=Paul |title=To Follow in Their Footsteps: The Crusades and Family Memory in the High Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/tofollowintheirf00paul |url-access=registration |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780801450976 }}
*{{cite book |first=C. |last=Petit-Dutaillis |title=The Feudal Monarchy in France and England:From the 10th to the 13th Century |url=https://archive.org/details/feudalmonarchyin0000peti |url-access=registration |translator-first=E.D. |translator-last=Hunt |publisher=Routledge |year=1936 }}
*{{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Power |title=The Norman Frontier in the Twelfth and Early Thirteenth Centuries |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 }}
*{{cite book |first=Christof |last=Rolker |title=Canon Law and the Letters of Ivo of Chartres |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 }}
*{{cite book |chapter=The 'muddy-road' of Odo Arpin from Bourges to La Charitie-sur-Loire |first=Jonathan |last=Shepherd |title=The Experience of Crusading |volume=1 |editor-first1=Peter |editor-last1=Edbury |editor-first2=Jonathan |editor-last2=Phillips |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2003 }}
*{{cite book |author=Abbot Suger |author-link=Suger |title=Life of King Louis the Fat |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/suger-louisthefat.asp |translator-first=Jean |translator-last=Dunbabin |chapter=XIII: Of the death of King Philip |via=Internet History Sourcebooks Project ([[Fordham University]])}}
*{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Somerville |title=Pope Urban II's Council of Piacenza |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 }}
*{{cite book |title=Henry the Young King, 1155–1183 |first=Matthew |last=Strickland |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2016 }}


=== Contemporary Sources ===
There are several contemporary resources available on the life of King Philip I of France that provide a detailed account of his reign and personal life, essential reading for anyone interested in medieval European history. Here are some of the best resources:
* "The Annals of Bertrand de Guesclin" - This contemporary chronicle provides a detailed account of the reign of Philip I and the political and military events that took place during his reign. It also covers the period leading up to his reign, including the reigns of his predecessors.
* "The Chronicle of Sigebert of Gembloux" - This contemporary chronicle covers the period from the reign of Charlemagne to the reign of Philip I. It provides valuable information on the political, social, and cultural developments that took place during this time.
* "The Life of Louis VI the Fat" by Suger of Saint-Denis - Suger was a close adviser to Louis VI, the son of Philip I, and his account provides insight into the reign of Philip I from the perspective of one of his successors.
* "The History of the Franks" by Gregory of Tours - Although this work was written in the 6th century, it covers the history of the Frankish kingdoms up to the time of Charlemagne, and provides important context for the reign of Philip I.
* "The Art of Courtly Love" by Andreas Capellanus - This work is not a historical account of Philip I's life, but rather a treatise on the conventions of courtly love that were popular in the medieval period. However, it provides insight into the cultural and social context of Philip I's reign, and the ideals of love and romance that were prevalent at the time.

=== References ===
<references/>

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{{s-hou|[[House of Capet]]|23 May|1052|29 July|1108}}
{{s-reg}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Henry I of France|Henry I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of French monarchs|King of the Franks]]|years=4 August 1060 – 29 July 1108}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Louis VI of France|Louis VI]]}}
{{s-end}}

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[[Category:Monarchs of France]]
[[Category:11th-century kings of France]]
[[Category:12th-century kings of France]]
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[[Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church]]
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