Shvarn Daniilovich of Halych, Grand Duke of Lithuania, was born 1236 in Halych, Halych Rayon, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine to Daniil Romanovich of Halych (1201-1264) and Anna Mstislavna of Novgorod (c1205-c1250) and died 1270 Chełm, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland of unspecified causes. He married Ramona Mindogovna (c1235-c1280) .
Shvarn or Shvarno Daniilovich (Lithuanian: Švarnas, Ukrainian: Шварно Данилович|;[1] c. 1230 – c. 1269), was the knyaz of western parts of Galicia (1264 – c. 1269). Prince of Novogrudok (1267-1269) and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1267 – c. 1269). An influential leader, he became involved in internal struggles of power within neighboring Grand Duchy of Lithuania. He also held the town of Kholm (modern Chełm, Poland) in his domain.
Name
Little is known of Shvarn and even his name is not entirely certain. The original documents relating to this ruler are scarce and mention him under a variety of names. For instance the first edition of Lithuanian Annals mentions him as Shkvarno, but the following editions use the names of Skirmont and Skirmunt, possibly a Ruthenisation of Lithuanian name Skirmantas.[2] Contemporary sources also mention his Christian name of Ioann (Іоанн), that is either John or George.[3] In modern times the ruler is known by a variety of names in various historiographies, including Lithuanian Švarnas,[4] Ukrainian Шварно Данилович, Russian and Belarusian Шварн, and Polish Szwarno Daniłowicz. All of them are versions of the name of Shvarn, which is likely to be a diminutive of the Slavic name of Svaromir.[5]
Biography
One of the sons of king Daniil Romanich of Halych of the house of Romanovich,[6] Shvarn inherited the north-western parts of the Kingdom of Halych–Volhynia, his fathers' domain. This land included the town of Haluch itself, as well as the land across the Bug River, that is Red Ruthenia with the towns of Bełz, Czerwieńa, Mielnik, Drohiczyn and eventually also Kholm (since 1264).[7] His brother Lev inherited the southern part of the land, with the cities of Lviv and Przemyśl, while Roman became the heir of duchies of Lutsk and Terebovl.[7]
During the times of king Daniil's reign, the rulers of Halych were allied with their Polish neighbours against a common threat, the Lithuanian tribes that often raided the neighbouring lands for loot and plunder. However, in 1255 (or the previous year) Shvarn married an unnamed daughter of Mindaugas, since 1253 the first (and only) king of Lithuania.[8] This allied him to Lithuania and together the two rulers undertook numerous military campaigns against the Kingdom of Poland. Already in 1255 they raided Lublin, in 1262 a major campaign against Masovia was started. Shvarn and Treniota captured the city of Płock and besieged Shvarn's brother-in-law, Siemowit I of Masovia in Jazdów (modern Warsaw). In the end Siemowit was killed by Shvarn's troops and his son Konrad II was taken prisoner. The Polish relief force did not arrive in time and was later defeated in a battle at Długosiodło on August 5, 1262.[9]
In 1264 king Daniil died and Shvarn received nominal overlordship over all of Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia as its prince. Immediately he mounted a major campaign against Poland, this time aiming for Lesser Poland.[10] However, although joint armies managed to plunder Skaryszew, Tarczek and Wiślica, this time the campaign was less successful and the allied Ruthenian and Lithuanian armies were repelled. The Yotvingian auxiliaries were defeated by Bolesław V the Chaste at the Battle of Brańsk.[9] The following year Bolesław mounted a counter-offensive against Shvarn and his uncle Vasilko Romanovich, and defeated the earlier on June 19, 1266 on the Battle of Wrota.[9] This weakened Shvarn's position in his own domain.
In the meantime in 1263 Mindaugas of Lithuania was murdered. In the chaos that followed Mindaugas' assassination, the lands of the Grand Duchy were in disarray, with both local and foreign rulers struggling for power. Shvarn gave his support to Vaišvilkas, one of Mindaugas' sons and his brother-in-law. Together they managed to depose Treniota and expel Dovmont all the way to Pskov. After Vaišvilkas returned to monastic life in 1267,[11] Shvarn became the new Grand Duke. No details are known about Shvarn's rule over Lithuania[11] and he probably did not gain a strong foothold in that country.[12] However, he was apparently fairly successful in expanding his borders. Following successful military campaigns, in 1267 he defeated his brother Mstislav in the battle of the Yaselda River and captured Turov and Pinsk.[2] He then campaigned against the Volga Tatars and defeated khan Balaklay in the battle of Kojdanow (modern Dzyarzhynsk, Belarus), which allowed Shvarn to capture the towns of Mozyr, Chernigov, Karachev and Starodub.[2] The struggle for power within Lithuania however continued. Before a clear winner could emerge, Shvarm died in Kholm (nowadays Chełm, Poland) some time between 1269 and 1271. He was buried in an Orthodox Cathedral that once stood on a place now occupied by the Basilica of the Birth of the Virgin Mary. After his death most of his lands reverted to Lithuania[13] and came under control of Traidenis, a noble from Lithuanian Highlands.
See also
- List of rulers of Halych and Volhynia
- List of Belarusian rulers
- List of Lithuanian rulers
Notes
- a.^ The capital of the land of Red Ruthenia (Czerwień Towns, or Grody Czerwieńskie in Polish). Its location remains unknown and disputed, possibly it was located where the village of Czermno stands today.
References
- ^ Dimnik, Martin (1981). Mikhail, Prince of Chernigov and Grand Prince of Kiev 1224-1246. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 220. ISBN 9780888440525.
- ^ a b c Oleg Łatyszonek (2006) (in pl). Od Rusinów Białych do Białorusinów : u źródeł białoruskiej idei narodowej. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. pp. 270–271. ISBN 978-83-7431-120-5.
- ^ various authors; Hieronim Grala (1985) "Chrzestne imię Szwarna Daniłowicza. Ze studiów nad dyplomatyką południoworuską XIII i XIV w." in Leszek Jaśkiewicz (in pl) Słowiańszczyzna i dzieje powszechne. Studia ofiarowane Profesorowi Ludwikowi Bazylowowi w siedemdziesiątą rocznicę Jego urodzin Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe pp. 197–220 ISBN 83-01-05859-5 LCC
DJK40 .S56 1985
- ^ various authors (2004). Vytautas Spečiunas. ed (in lt). Lietuvos valdovai (XIII-XVIII a.). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopediju leidybos institutas. p. 25. ISBN 5-420-01535-8.
- ^ Jeremiah Curtin (2010). The Mongols in Russia (reprint ed.). Forgotten Books. pp. 327–329. ISBN 978-0-217-35771-5.
- ^ Jerzy Krzysztof Horwat (2005) (in pl). Książęta górnośląscy z dynastii Piastów: uwagi i uzupełnienia genealogiczne. Ruda Śląska: Drukarnia Archidiecezjalna. pp. 34–35. ISBN 83-922482-3-6.
- ^ a b Antoni Mironowicz (2003) (in pl). Kościół prawosławny w państwie Piastów i Jagiellonów. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku. pp. 103–107. ISBN 83-89031-39-6.
- ^ Artūras Dubonis (2005). "Belated Praise for King Mindaugas of Lithuania". Mindaugo knyga: istorijos šaltiniai apie Lietuvos karalių. Transl. by Darius Baronas. Vilnius: Lithuanian Institute of History. pp. 17–22. ISBN 9986-780-68-3. http://www.istorija.lt/html/mindaugo2005_belated.html.
- ^ a b c Piotr Bunar; Stanisław A. Sroka (2004) (in pl). Słownik wojen, bitew i potyczek w średniowiecznej Polsce. Cracow: Universitas. ISBN 83-242-0397-4.
- ^ various authors; Brygida Kürbisówna (1965). Aleksander Gieysztor. ed (in pl). Kronika wielkopolska. Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. pp. 283.
- ^ a b Paweł Jasienica (1990) (in pl). Myśli o dawnej Polsce. Warsaw: Czytelnik. pp. 187. ISBN 83-07-01957-5.
- ^ Zigmas Kiaupa (2002). The history of Lithuania. Transl. by S. C. Rowell. Vilnius: Baltos lankos. p. 37. ISBN 9955-429-75-5.
- ^ John Lister Illingworth Fennell (1983). The crisis of medieval Russia, 1200-1304. London: Longman. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-582-48150-3.
Siblings
| Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
| Irakli Daniilovich of Halych (c1223-c1240) | 1223 | 1240 | |
| Lev Daniilovich of Halych (c1228-c1301) | 1228 | 1301 | Konstantia of Hungary (c1237-c1284) |
| Roman Daniilovich of Halych (c1230-1258) | 1230 | 1258 | Gertrud von Österreich (c1228-1299) Yelena Glebovna of Volkovysk (c1235-1288) |
| Pereyaslava Daniilovna of Halych (c1231-1283) | 1231 | 1283 | Siemowit I of Masovia (c1213-1262) |
| Ustyniya Daniilovna of Halych (c1232-c1279) | 1232 | 1279 | Andrei II Yaroslavich of Vladimir (c1222-1264) |
| Mstislav Daniilovich of Lutsk (c1234-c1301) | 1234 | 1301 | Daughter of the Polovtsian khan Teigak |
| Shvarn Daniilovich of Halych (c1236-c1270) | 1236 Halych, Halych Rayon, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Ukraine | 1270 Chełm, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland | Ramona Mindogovna (c1235-c1280) |
| Sofiya Daniilovna of Halych (c1244-1290) | 1244 | 1290 | Heinrich V. von Schwarzburg-Blankenburg (c1235-1287) |
Residences
Footnotes (including sources)
| Preceded by Vaišvilkas |
Grand Prince of Lithuania 1267–1269 |
Succeeded by Traidenis |
| Preceded by Daniil Romanovich |
Prince of Kholm 1264-1269 |
Succeeded by Lev Daniilovich |
| Preceded by Vaišvilkas |
Prince of Novogrudok 1267-1269 |
Succeeded by Traidenis |
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