Vladimir II Vsevolodovich Monomakh of Kiev
(Владимир Всеволодович Мономах, великий князь киевский), Prince of Rostov
Prince of Smolensk
Prince of Chernigov
Prince of Pereyaslavl
Grand Prince of Kiev, was born 1053 to Vsevolod I Yaroslavich of Kiev (1030-1093) and Anastasia Monomachos (c1035-1067) and died 19 May 1125 of unspecified causes. He married Gytha of Wessex (1053-1098) . He married Yefimiya (c1078-1107) 1099 JL . He married Unknown Cuman .
Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (Old Russian: Володимиръ (-мѣръ) Мономахъ, Volodimir Monomakh; Christian name Vasili, or Basil) (1053 – May 19, 1125) Prince of Rostov (1066-1073), Smolensk (1073-1078) [1], Chernigov (1076-1077, 1078-1094), Pereyaslavl (1094-1113), Grand Prince of Kiev (1113-1125), statesman, military leader, writer, thinker. On the surviving seals Vladimir Monomakh also used the titlearchon of all the Russian land , in the manner of Byzantine titles [2][3]..
Vladimir Monomakh was the son of Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich. He was nicknamed Monomakh by the nickname of the mother's family, which, presumably, was the daughter of the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomakh.
In the Russian Orthodox Church he is revered as a pious prince in the Cathedral of All Saints Resplendent in the Russian Land (second Sunday after Pentecost ) [4] and in the cathedral of saints Kiev ( July 15 ( July 28 )) [5][6]..
Family
He was the son of Vsevolod I (married in 1046) and Anastasia of the Eastern Roman Empire (d. 1067) which is now called the Byzantine Empire. Some claim that her father had been Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, but this is not attested in any reliable primary source.
Eupraxia of Kiev, a half-sister of Vladimir, became notorious all over Europe for her divorce from the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV on the grounds that he had attempted a black mass on her naked body.
Reign
The Testament of Vladimir Monomakh to Children, 1125. Lithography of 1836.
In his famous Instruction (also known as The Testament) to his own children, Monomakh mentions that he conducted 83 military campaigns and 19 times made peace with the Polovtsians. At first he waged war against the steppe jointly with his cousin Oleg Svyatoslavich, but after Vladimir was sent by his father to rule Chernigov and Oleg made peace with the Polovtsians to retake that city from him, they parted company. Since that time, Vladimir and Oleg were bitter enemies who would often engage in internecine wars. The enmity continued among their children and more distant posterity.
From 1094, his chief patrimony was the southern town of Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky, although he also controlled Rostov, Suzdal, and other northern provinces (see Principality of Pereyaslavl). In these lands he founded several towns, notably his namesake, Vladimir, the future capital of Russia. In order to unite the princes of Rus' in their struggle against the Great Steppe, Vladimir initiated three princely councils, the most important being held at Lyubech in 1097 and at Lake Dologskoye in 1103.
In 1107 he defeated Bonyak, a Cuman khan who led an invasions on Kievan Rus'. When Svyatopolk Izyaslavich died in 1113, the Kievan populace revolted and summoned Vladimir to the capital. The same year he entered Kiev to the great delight of the crowd and reigned there until his death in 1125. As may be seen from his Instruction, he promulgated a number of reforms in order to allay the social tensions in the capital. These years saw the last flowering of Kievan Rus', which was torn apart 10 years after his death.
Vladimir Monomakh is buried in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. Succeeding generations often referred to his reign as the golden age of that city. Numerous legends are connected with Monomakh's name, including the transfer from Constantinople to Rus of such precious relics as the Theotokos of Vladimir and the Vladimir/Muscovite crown called Monomakh's Cap.
Marriages and children
Vladimir was married three times. His first wife was Gytha of Wessex, daughter of Harold of England who fell at Hastings and Edith the Fair. They had at least five children:
- Mstislav I of Kiev (1 June 1076 – 14 April 1132).
- Izyaslav of Kursk (c. 1077 – 6 September 1096).
- Svyatoslav of Smolensk (c. 1080 – 16 March 1114).
- Yaropolk II Vladimirovich of Kiev (1082 – 18 February 1139).
- Vyacheslav I Vladimirovich of Kiev (1083 – 2 February 1154).
- Maritsa Vladimirovna. Married Pseudo-Leo Diogenes II (c1070-1116), a pretender to the throne of the Byzantine Empire, claiming to be a son of Romanos Diogenes. He Rose to the rank of khan of the Cumans in Ossetia.
- Yuri Dolgoruki (d. 15 May 1157).
- Roman Vladimirovich, Prince of Volhynia (d. 6 January 1119).
- Yefimiya Vladimirovna of Kiev (c1095-1139) (d. 4 April 1139). Married Coloman of Hungary.
Some historians consider that ha had another daughter, Sofiya Vladimirovna who married Svyatoslav Vseslavich
The second wife, Yefimiya, is considered to have been a Byzantine noblewoman. The Primary Chronicle and "Testament of Vladimir Monomakh" record her date of death on 7 May 1107. However the Chronicle does not mention her name. They had the following children:
Monomakh rests after hunting (painting by Viktor Vasnetsov, c. 1900).
- Agafiya Vladimirovna of Kiev. Married Vsevolodko of Goroden.
- Andrei Vladimirovich, Prince of Volhynia (11 July 1102–1141).
His third marriage is thought to have been to a daughter of Aepa Osenevich, Khan of the Cumans. Her paternal grandfather was Osen. Her people belonged to the Kipchaks, a confederation of cattle growers and warriors of Turkic origin.
However the Primary Chronicle identifies Aepa as father-in-law to Yuri Dolgoruki. With Vladimir negotiating the marriage in name of his son. Whether father and son married sisters or the identity of intended groom was misidentified is unclear.
See also
- List of Ukrainian rulers
- List of Russian rulers
- Council of Lyubech (1097)
Notes
- ^ ВТ-ЭСБЕ - Смоленская земля - Рудаков В. Е.
- ^ Филюшкин А. И. Титулы русских государей. М.; СПб., 2006. С. 16.
- ^ Янин В. Л. Актовые печати древней Руси X—XV вв. М., 1970. Т 1: Печати X — начала XIII в. С. 16—17, 20—23
- ^ Минея, Май, часть 3 — М.: Издательский совет Русской Православной Церкви, 2002. — С. 360.
- ^ Слепынин О. С. Мономах. Святая Русь. 28.04.2013
- ^ Русская Православная Церковь. Собор Киевских святых
References
Further reading
- Cawley, Charles, RUSSIA Rurik: Vladimir Monomach died 1125, Foundation for Medieval Genealogy, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik.htm#VladimirMonomachdied1125B, retrieved August 2012
- Nenarokova, Maria (2008). "Vladimir Monomakh’s Instruction: An Old Russian Pedagogic Treatise". In Juanita, Feros Ruys. What Nature Does Not Teach: Didactic Literature in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods. Turnhout, Brepols. pp. 109-128.
External links
- English biography
- Karamzin's account of Monomakh
- Instruction of Vladimir Monomakh
- The Pouchenie of Vladimir Monomakh www.dur.ac.uk
- (Russian) The Pouchenie of Vladimir Monomakh monomah.vladimir.ru
- van de Pas, Leo (2012) [1990]. "Vladimir II Monomakh Grand Duke of Kiev". Leo's Genealogics Website. http://genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00027049&tree=LEO. Retrieved August 2012.
- Ross, Kelley L. (2012) [1990]. "Successors of Rome: Russia, 862-Present". Friesian School, Fourth Series. http://www.friesian.com/russia.htm. Retrieved August 2012.
Vladimir II Monomakh Rurikovich Born: 1053 Died: 1125
| ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by ' |
Prince of Rostov 1066–1073 |
Succeeded by ' |
| Preceded by Izyaslav Yaroslavich Svyatoslav Yaroslavich Vsevolod Yaroslavich |
Prince of Smolensk 1073–1077 |
Succeeded by Interregnum |
| Preceded by Vsevolod Yaroslavich |
Prince of Chernigov 1076–1077 |
Succeeded by Boris Vyacheslavich |
| Preceded by Oleg Svyatoslavich |
Prince of Chernigov 1078–1094 |
Succeeded by Oleg Svyatoslavich |
| Preceded by Rostislav Vsevolodich |
Prince of Pereyaslavl 1094–1113 |
Succeeded by Svyatoslav Vladimirovich |
| Preceded by Svyatopolk Iztyaslavich |
Grand Prince of Kiev 1113–1125 |
Succeeded by Mstislav Vladimirovich |
|
Children
(Владимир Всеволодович Мономах, великий князь киевский) and Yefimiya (c1078-1107) | |||
| Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
| Agafiya Vladimirovna of Kiev (c1097-1144) | 1097 | 1144 | Vsevolodko Davydovich of Goroden (c1080-1142) |
| Andrei Vladimirovich of Volhynia (1102-1141) | 11 August 1102 | 22 January 1141 | Granddaughter of Tugorkhan (c1100-c1145) |
Residences
Siblings
| Name | Birth | Death | Joined with |
| Vladimir II Vsevolodovich Monomakh of Kiev (1053-1125) | 1053 | 19 May 1125 | Gytha of Wessex (1053-1098) Yefimiya (c1078-1107) Unknown Cuman |
| Anna Vsevolodovna of Kiev (c1055-1112) | 1055 | 3 November 1112 Kiev, Ukraine | |